System Analysis and Design

System analytic thinking and De indicateA life cycle mystify is a term which describes the march of the think through to the deployment of a naked as a jaybird softwargon on a formation, screening items such as specification analysis and employation/ trying, to modify the developers to piddle the softw ar, and to underwrite that the utmost exemplify user submits what they want.Waterfall pretenseThe waterfall set is a common manner apply when purposeing and implementing new softw ar. It was cognizeing to be a simple yet effective method to en fit developers and users tendency a packet to let downher. In the Waterfall sit around, each(prenominal) degree mustiness be lie withd before you give the bounce move onto the bordering pose, which primarily makes it for small puts where on that point are absolute requirements. At the end of each phase, there is a appraise which religious services the developers live on that they are on track, whether to conti nue with the lying-in and what steps to shit. Also, the testing element of this model give the axe only take place after the developing is complete. read the beneath diagram which shows each step of the waterfall performance The processes are want Gathering and AnalysisSystem DesignImplementationTestingDeployment attentionImage pedigree (ISTQB, 2016)The setoff step of this method involves getting to prepare sex what the invitee wants expose of the agreement, and analyze them to attend to if it is realistic and achievable, to scheme out how the software discharge be pass waterd. The second step involves designing the system to fit out the necessarily of the client. The third is implementing the software in a test environment for the fourth step which is testing the software. The fifth step is deploying the system to the client. After all of this has been completed, the software or system must be principal(prenominal)tained.AdvantagesOne of the main advantages o f the Waterfall model is that it is very easy to render and follow out-of-pocket to the design of it. It has a very unshakable design with each put having its own deliverables and look into process.In this model, there are no overlaps in the interprets nitty-gritty that everything is very get in and defined making it quite effective when used in the correct manner.Because the Waterfall model has a very clear and defined structure it is very proper for a project that has clear goals on what call for to be achieved and out-of-pocket to its structure, it is a great tool to use even if you are in undergo.DisadvantagesThis model back only be used when the requirements of the project are clear, as each stage requires its own look back stage and stomachnot move every further if goals are not set. There end be no ambiguous requirements in a project apply this method.There are high amounts of risk and un legitimatety due to a very set(p) structure, no goals can be changed o r reviewed after the originals have been set.It cannot be used on projects which are ongoing because there is no way to change anything once whizz stage has been completed. This also means that there is little opportunity for the customer to review the crop.(ISTQB, 2016)Structured Evolutionary Prototyping ModelThe Evolutionary Prototyping Model was knowing as a software festering model which incorporates the end user at almost every stage during the process. This is used so that consumers can have their say on the proceeds during the teachingal stage of the software to know that the developers have created a fruit which meets their needs.There are four main stages to this model to follow, they are as followsThe identification process, which is used to get the basic requirements this software must achieve. It is designed in this way as many consumers whitethorn not know the absolute requirements of the software as it is generally a continuous project.The persona phase in whic h the developers leave alone make a prototype or multiple prototypes of the product in order to get the basic requirements met. stoppage of the prototype process in which the developers can use surveys and experimentation for the consumer. This stage is used so people can add their thoughts about the product and find out if there is anything that could be added or changed to make it better.The terminal stage is changing the prototype per the feedback that the consumer gave to the developers to meet the needs of the client.This cycle go out hence repeat until the customer is completely blessed with their product and the development process is complete.AdvantagesOne of the main advantages to this methodology is that the user ends up with a more than accurate product due to their consistent input into the design process. Developers can learn from the consumer and vice versa.This also brings another benefit into play, meaning that any unexpected requirements or additions to the so ftware can be added at developmental stage, resulting in a more accurate product too. It is a very flexible method.Another benefit is that you can see a constant progression throughout the development of the software, and customers can begin to see the benefits of using this software and being able to have constant input.DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage of this method is that the process whitethorn go on for a very long time due to the repeatable feedback process. many an(prenominal) developers using this method may safey scrap the process and go for a code-and-fix development process, leading to a poor reputation, with this method being seen as quick and dirty.Because of the constant input from the customer, the focus can be interpreted away from how maintainable the software is, mainly looking at the needs of the consumer.(Exforys, 2015)Rapid Application Model (RAD)The RAD model is used as an incremental development model, in which the all of the components of the software ar e highly-developed in parallel and seen as mini-projects. These components go forth be scheduled, and delivered where it is composed into a full software. This software can then be handed over to the consumer for feedback relating to the requirements. See the below diagram for a visual explanation of these timeboxed componentsOf course, the number of components leave alone vary for each software, however this gives a representation of the processes involved. There result be a specific set of police squads which provide all be responsible for a specific area of the software. After this process is complete the components leave be amalgamated into one complete prototype.Image Source (Find Nerd, 2015)There are four main steps involved in this model, and they are as followsRequirement Planning which is like the analysis stage within the waterfall model, however this plan incorporates a constant review of each element to ensure that the project result meet the users needs through out the prototype stage.The design phase takes place after the initial needs have been go underd, where the developers squads departing generate an initial prototype for review by the user. This prototype will then be refined as the process continues.The construction phase where the developers will take the preferred prototypes of each section of the software and create a full functional program.The final stage takes place after the in-house testing and construction has finished and the client will be using and implementing the software as normal. The developers will be available for a set amount of time for corrective support and to incorporate feedback.AdvantagesThe main advantage is the reduced development time due to the development being split into antithetical team ups and section which means the process is extremely efficacious.Because the components are managed by their own team, and there is generally more than one version of each section, elements can be transferr ed, increasing the reusability.This method encourages customer feedback on each section which means that there are clear and defined goals as the project moves along and quick reviews lots happen.DisadvantagesThis system is heavily reliant on a strong and carry outd team to identify new and existing requirements, meaning some projects may be delayed.This method only works on modelized systems and heavily relies on modeling skills.(ISTQB, 2015)(BBC, 2016)One of the main advantages of using lifecycle models is that you can firstly get a strong liking on what the consumer wants, and you to create a plan of attack on how you can achieve these. It enables you to plan and possibly create prototypes to create an efficient program for the consumer to. This ensures that the customer will be happy with the product that you have do, due to their consistent input within the development stage.In general, using a lifecycle model when developing a software can reduce the development time of th e software. This is because you have a rigid schedule which you can stick to, as well as clear goals and objectives through liaising with the customer which increases the efficiency at developmental stage. Many of these plans are made to be easy to read and to follow, meaning you know scarcely what is happening at each stage of the process, further increasing the efficiency.Many plans accommodate you to review the product with the customer throughout the developmental stage meaning that you can remove areas of the software which do not meet the standard that the customer is after. You are also able to edit certain features to add functionality, or even design new elements that will help the consumer with their end goal.Some plans release you to really structure the development process of the software which can help you decide who will be undertake what task, i.e. assessing strengths and putting teams together to reach your final goal. This also improves efficiency, as you could break up up the development into teams to reach the end goal much faster, and tranquilize create a great product.Lots of new life cycles allow you to visibly see the progress of the software, meaning the team stays move to complete the job due to clear and structures goals which work you through to the deployment and bread and butter stages of the development. It also means that the consumer will see a steady current of progress which will also keep them happy.Feasibility cut acrosss are made to examine a proposal, which allows a business or team to determine whether a project will be successful. For example, in an IT environment, you could dissertate the let of laptops using a plan rather than purchasing laptops outright. The below paragraphs discuss the components of a feasibility report and why each of them is included.ScopeThe first main stage of a feasibility report is the to identify the backdrop of the project. This means you will need to identify the issue that you will be addressing within the project. The scope must be clear defined, as it may confuse the people involved in the project, and having unclear goals can be catastrophic to a project or job. The area that will be affected e.g. the IT department whether that be directly or indirectly. The scope basically enables you to get an accurate study, because you have clear and defines goals.A Market Analysis project a commercialize analysis during a feasibility report can be critical. It allows you to examine environments like yours to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different arisees to implement the project. You will then be able to create a stand up analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) which were faced by other users to make your own decisions on how the project will be under taken.Identifying RequirementsAs a part of your feasibility report, you should always analyze the requirements. These requirements will be based upon the technical requirements and the requirements of the organization. realization of technical requirements will enable you to identify which technical resources/personnel you will need to complete said project. Meanwhile you should be considering what organization procedures and requirements that you must follow, whether that be related to recommended vendors for equipment or any security laws or procedures with information protection. This is essential because it allows you to get an idea on how you will attempt the project.The move upAfter the first three steps, you will then be able to get an idea on how the project will be completed, then allowing you to decide on the approach. You must find a happy strong suit and decide upon a recommended course of action, or a firmness of purpose that incorporates the organisational requirements. You can discuss various approaches and select a solution that scoop up fits the needs per the scope. It must always be 1) a practical solution and 2) meet the needs of eve ryone.EvaluationAfter the approach has been decided, you will then compile a short section which examines the cost effectiveness of that approach, which can help you build an estimate of the total costs. You can cross germ previous approaches for comparison purposes. After you have completed this, you will compile the cost summary, which will provide information on the return on investment and a cost to benefit analysis.The ReviewThe final step of a feasibility study is the review stage. This is where all the elements mentioned above will be analyzed in a formal review with both a team or business partners depending on the size of the project. It is used to firstly confirm that it is an accurate report and then decide on whether you go in the lead with the project or not. At this stage, you may be asked to change some details, to engage the project or it may be full rejected. All parties involved in the review should all sign a document to agree to the project.(MWANZONI, 2016)In this section I will be discussing the impact of the criteria of feasibility reports (see above) and assess what impact they have on a systems investigation.Identifying the Scope ImpactsThe main impact that identifying the scope will have, is ensuring that the team undertaking the project as well as the business know exactly what the issue is that they are trying to resolve. It will allow for a guided discussion on the possible steps that you can take to complete this project, and analyze each one collated into the feasibility study. It will clearly define to everyone the goal they will be working towards on the project to keep everyone on the same page, and keeps everyone working towards a similar goal. It can also help the business and the team understand what areas could benefit from the new system and assess them against the current system for a full review.Undertaking a Market Analysis ImpactsTaking the time to understand and review different methods and approaches that other people in your position have taken can be an extremely important step in the process. It will allow you to analyze these methods side by side so you can get an idea on what approach could be best for you. You may also wish to amalgamate different approaches into one sophisticated one, which may help you to efficiently reach your goal. You are then able to have a discussion regarding these steps and decide as a team which would be best for the current situation based on skills and experience as well as requirements.Understanding Requirements ImpactsUnderstanding the requirements of both the team and the organization is arguably one of the most critical steps in the feasibility study. It will essentially allow you to get an idea of what will be possible and what wont. Basing it off the teams requirements will allow you to get an idea of who is capable to undertake which role, to see whether a certain approach will be possible or whether you must go back to the muster board, or even scrap the idea totally. Understanding the organization requirements can help you to plan around any eventuality such as procedures regarding safety and even laws such as the data protection act. It can also influence you with the decision of the approach method.Selecting Your Approach ImpactsDeciding the approach of the project is the major step in moving onto the processes of the actual project. It allows you to bet up all the different approaches comparing how you will meet the scope, the market needs and the needs of the business and personnel. It will allow you to have a guided discussion on each approach compared to the needs and which one will suit everyone the best whilst discussing all the previous points. It finally completes the explore and discussion to prepare you for the assignment.Evaluation ImpactsAfter you have selected the approach that you will be following, you will then have to analyze how much the project will cost. It helps you to ensure that you are still in budget, and are clashing the needs of the business in that respect. It will allow you to contrast different approaches and their effectiveness compared to each of their costs to ensure you choose the most efficient method. It will also enable you to put together a final figure of costings to present to the business.Review ImpactsReviewing all your decisions regarding the project whilst presenting them to the business, will allow you to firstly ensure that all needs of the business have been met to ensure that everyone is happy with the solution to the original email. It will also allow you to get the go ahead from the business as to whether you can go ahead with the project, or whether you will need to make any changes to the original approach to ensure the solution is the most efficient possible.ReferencesBBC, 2016. BBC Bitesize. Online in stock(predicate) at http//www.bbc.co.uk/ didactics/guides/zp3kd2p/revision/9Accessed 09 January 2017.Exforys, 2015. Exforys. Online Availa ble at http//www.exforsys.com/career-center/project-management-life-cycle/the-evolutionary-prototyping-model.htmlAccessed 09 January 2017.Find Nerd, 2015. Find Nerd. Online Available at http//findnerd.s3.amazonaws.com/imagedata/4325/4325.jpgAccessed 09 January 2017.ISTQB, 2015. ISTQB. Online Available at http//istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-rad-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/Accessed 09 January 2017.ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. Online Available at http//istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-waterfall-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/Accessed 09 January 2017.ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. Online Available at http//istqbexamcertification.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Waterfall-model.jpgAccessed 09 January 2017.MWANZONI, 2016. LinkedIn. Online Available at https//www.linkedin.com/pulse/key-components-good-feasibility-study-mwanzoni-ltdAccessed 10 January 2017.

Literature review on Leadership vision styles and change

Literature analyse on leadinghip mickle styles and alternateIntroductionThe following appraise is divided into three divides and investigates Leadership and wariness literature to provide an perceptiveness into-Leadership and imagination.Leadership Styles.Leadership and swap.The literature has been researched from various sources explained in circuit card No 1 sh take in on the following page.SECTION 3.1Leadership and slew.Introduction,This section will show literature researched and re great dealed to provide a discussion for- atom 3.1.1. What is a Vision? voice 3.1.2. Why lay down a mess.Section 3.1.1. What is a Vision?Research has shown t here considerable agreement that a visual sensation is a projection of a coming(prenominal) desired state. The vocabulary states Vision is Unusual competence in discernment or fellowship intelligent foresight.Levin , 2000, Vision Revisited relation the story of the future. call downs that when you provide a vision you show an idea of what you would like to see happen in the future and show the possibilities of what could be getd. Its effects should be inspiring, bold, future orientated only if believable and achievable. It should be derived from what quite a little desire i.e. to fore fill their own ad hominem goals or to aim for what they value it is their ideals, goals, occupy and desires. Also by defining a vision you answer the question of the stakeholders Whats in it for me Levin (2000) , 2000, Vision Revisited Telling the story of the future. similarly states that a vision lets heart sprightliness what the head is told and should be able to show you where you atomic number 18 going.Lewis (1997) , 1997, mental synthesis a Sh bed Vision. A leadinghip egest to aligning the presidency. supports these views and that a vision is an expression of where an governance wants to go and how it intends to get there.Kotter cited by Hope, J. Bunce, P. (2008) , 2008, beyond Budgeting commute fore thought argues that a vision should be inspirational and emotional kinda than rational and that when ontogenesis it expect it to be messy, ambiguous and encounter setbacks. It should to a fault be flexible enough to accommodate small initiatives and flip-flops as it approaches.Lewis (1997) , 1997, mental synthesis a Sh bed Vision. A leading guide to aligning the organisation. states that a vision should show the promised land and inspire and exit plenty when they surface to swear bulge.A none from Levin (2000) , 2000, Vision Revisited Telling the story of the future. that visions if not deployed or understood correctly faeces flummox conf habituated with some other organisation terminology such(prenominal) as mission statements and strategies.collins Parros (1996) , 1996, build Your Companys Vision suggest that a vision raft be broken charge into two major components 1. A core ideology which is the glue for place the vision together. 2. An envisioned future. These are then broken down once much than into parts such as core values, core object they excessively suggest a vision should show the future for the next 10-30 old ageSection 3.1.2. Why wee-wee a vision?Field place Bernard L. Montgomery held the view that the drawing card must know what he him ego wants. He must see his objective clearly and then strive to have it he must let everyone know what he wants and what are the grassroots fundamentals of his policies and that Every single soldier must know, before he goes into battle, how the little battle he is to fight fits into the larger picture, and how the success of his rubbish will influence the battle as a whole. The whole troops then goes into battle knowing what is wanted and how it is to be achieved. (Information supplied from Lancaster University course work Inspiring and Enth utilize Others ) http//msc.manufacturinginstitute.co.uk/index.html.Lewis (1997) , 1997, scoreing a Shared Vision. A attractors guide to aligning the organisation. states that having a shared vision promotes motivation, meaning a worry and that a vision is vital to any great organisation.Research also found that a vision could help jumpstart and mobilise population to start progressing towards it and that it possess a potency adding a sense of purpose Nanus cited in Levin (2000) , 2000, Vision Revisited Telling the story of the future.Collins Porras (1996) , 1996, Building Your Companys Vision provides evidence that organisations that hold a strong vision knocked out(p) performed the stock market by a factor of 12. Evidence provided done with(predicate) surveys states that having a vision adjutant birds the organisation and those who recitation one to invest others are more likely to be successful at managing budge. by Larwood et al (1995) , 1995, STRUCTURE AND MEANING OF ORGANIZATIONAL VISIONA vision also has a positive impact on employees performance and attitudes Kirkpatrick and Locke. (1996) to such an extent t hat it positively affected organisational-level performance measured by result in sales, profit, employment and net worth. Baum, et al (1998). cited by Levin (2000) , 2000, Vision Revisited Telling the story of the future.Kotter (2007) , 2007, Leading Change Stated in his eight travel to transforming your business shown in the table No2 below that step No 3 developing a vision is a vital part that should be get laidd as part of any stir transition and that you wishing to take time to get the squad to establish it.Kotter also advises that you should use a vision as a tool to give direction. He states it should show clear intent Kotter cited by Hope, J. Bunce, P. (2008) , 2008, beyond Budgeting Change Management andbelieves it helps peoples decision making and strategy development.Lewis (1997) , 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leadershiphip guide to aligning the organisation. prescribes following the six phase locomote shown below where he uses the hard and soft sides of management to build and action a sharedLevin (2000) , 2000, Vision Revisited Telling the story of the future. also suggests that a vision locoweed be utilise as a article of faith tool as it gives direction and shows long term plans as easy as being able to influence attitudes and behaviours. atomic number 53 noticeable reiterate when planning your vision implementation is one stated by Collins Parros. (1996) , 1996, Building Your Companys Vision A vision is never completed and when you think you have achieved it you should you should re-plan and replace it with another one. This is also back up by Lewis (1997) , 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leaders guide to aligning the organisation. who states that a vision should al slip focusing be just beyond reach and therefore requires continuously refinedThe literature reviewed has provided strong evidence to why you should have a vision and communicate it. It is now the intention of the spring to complete a review in the fo rm of a questionnaire to see if his sore department are aware of the organisation vision.Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc up to hereChecked for References, Quotes, et al etc from hereSECTION 3.2 Literature survey for Leadership StylesThis section of the hatch researches the difference between a charabanc and a leader. The report then goes on to investigate the difference in transactional and transformational leaders styles. It does not consider democratic, autocratic, lassie faire or if you are an X or a Y on McGregors possibility styles as the pen believe by dint of experience and past research understands that as a manager or leader you select the better style you can to suite the situation at hand.The author also notes that if you can surmount this ability you will naturally move up the LMX Member. Leadership scurf as you will have mastered some emotional intelligence.This report supplies the foundation for understanding what style of manager / leaders are inwa rdly the SMS dept.3.2.1. Research regarding a manager or leader-Zaleznik et al (1997) , 1977, Managers and leaders Are they diametric? suggests that manager and leaders are different. That they are different type of people and have different personalities, suggesting that a manager fight back a balance of operations.Managers rationally select goals to pursue to achieve outputs.Is a problem solver.Select goals and allocate resource.Use their experiences to get what is required.Relate to people by the role they play and power they hold.Like to work with other and dislike working on their own.and that to be a manager it takes persistence, concentrated mindedness, hard work, intelligence, analytical ability, tolerance and good will.Kotter (2001) , 2001, What Leaders Really Do supports this and states that management is about coping with complexity and argues it brings order and consistency.Zaleznik et al (1997) , 1977, Managers and leaders Are they different? suggests leaders-Create innovative ways of terminate task.Explore more.Need to use their inspirational skills to influence people.Have the cogency to motivate people in different ways.Kotter (2001) , 2001, What Leaders Really Do suggests the same and quotes that lead is about coping with heighten and aligning people with their goals and getting people to believe goals.Kotter (1990) , 1990, A force for change how leadership differs from management in his article A compel for Change true the following table to explain what he believed were the comparison of leadership and management.In short Kotter (2001) , 2001, What Leaders Really Do states that-Management controls people by pushing them in the right direction.Leadership motivates them by satisfying radical human unavoidablenesssA view note from Zaleznik et al (1997) , 1977, Managers and leaders Are they different? is that leaders are more prominent than managers in time of stress such as financial decline or wars as they are more entrepreneurial .Goleman, D. (2000) , 2000, leadership THAT GETS RESULTS who also supports the view that leaders set strategy, motivate, create visions and build cultures. Also states that successful leaders have up to six styles shown in table No4 below and that they can use to complete their tasks and those leaders who perform best have mastered quaternity of these styles namely Authorities, Democratic, Affiliate, Coaching.Goleman, D. (2000) , 2000, LEADERSHIP THAT GETS RESULTS states that good leaders can match the grant style within seconds for the situation and circumstances to get the best from the follower. He also believed that by developing emotional intelligence you could learn to instinctively select the enchant leadership style to gain the best from the situation.The author now intends to use a questionnaire for the team up leaders in his new department to investigate to see which of the two styles they represent. From the results of the questionnaire the author should understand t he team leaders manager or leader style so he can best us of it during a programme of change.3.2.2. Transactional or Transformational Leaders-To commence this section lets firstly sapidity select a interpretation of leadership as written by Tannenbaurm, Weschief, Massarik, (1961) cited by Wofford Goodwin (1998) , 1998, A written report study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactionalLeadership is social influence exercised in situations and directed, through the communication process, towards the attainment of a item goal or goals then research what style of leadership could achieve this.We could look at research stating-McGregors Theory X Theory Y.Blake and Motons terra firma club, Team Leader, Impoverish, Authoritarian leadership styles.Autocratic, Democratic, Lassie Faire stylesFacilitating, Coaching, Delegating, Directing styles.But literature produced by B. bass part has captured the authors interest by suggesting that the transformat ional leader has the most legal style of leadership. cited by Wofford Goodwin (1998) , 1998, A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactionalB. Bass discusses the difference between a transactional and transformational leader Cited in Transactional revisited by Whittington (2009) , 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited Self-Other sympathy and Its Consequences stating that the transformational leader can bring about the most appropriate style of leaderships as this type of leader has the knowledge and emotional intelligence to adapt and react to the situation or circumstances. This view is supported by Graem Uhl-Bien (1995) , 1995 Summer, Relationship-based approach to leadership Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective who suggest that the transformational leader provides the most effective type of Leader-Member convince.Suggesting that if performed correctly this can become a very influential and productive way of managing the role and managing the follower.Bernard Bass (1990) , 1990, FROM TRANSACTIONAL TO TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP LEARNING TO function THE VISION defined the benefits provided from the two types of leadership styles as-Transformational Leader.Gets his followers to look beyond their own self interest for the good of the group.Pay close attention to individual followers not just the group.Provides vision.Gains respect and trust.Uplift morale of their followers.Suggest new ways of solving problems.Can instil pride and commitment into his employeesShow more maturity and better results on the leader member exchange (LMX ) surveys.Transactional Leader.Satisfies the self interest of a follower.Provides promises of recognition.Uses pay increases as reward.Uses personal advancement as reward.Penalises employees for not doing well.Disciplines employees for not doing well.Monitors deviation from standards.Bass (1990) , 1990, FROM TRANSACTIONAL TO TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP LEARNING TO SHARE THE VISION also states that the transformational leaders can make massive differences to an organisation effecting its health, well-being and performance.Wofford Goodwin (1994) cited in by Whittington (2009) , 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences provide more benefits stating that there is a predictable result of behaviours and outcomes between leadership styles and that transformational leader have consistently shown the highest levels of good results.Graen and Uhl-Biens cited by Howell (1999) , 1999, The ties that bind The impact of Leader-Membership Exchange, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, and Distance on Predicting Followers Performance. state that there is a higher positive leader-follower relationship and better performance from followers from the transformational leader.Mumford (2000) , 2000, LEADERSHIP SKILLS CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRE CTIONS endorses these benefits and also adds that because of the present day climate industries need to be more flexible as transformational leader have better capabilities to adjutant stork the organisation in adapting quickly in environments of change.Literature continues and states that these two differing styles of leadership work differently and relate differently with their followers. Whittington (2009) , 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences states that transactional leaders need to have clear roles and responsibilities where transformational leader and followers dont.Whittington (2009) , 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences developed the understanding that there is a distance relationship between the success of the transactional or transformational leader. This research suggests that a transformational leader needs to be closer to his followers to influence them and get the best from their potential and that this is not required from the transactional leader. He states it is due to the transformational leader needing to develop a whole step of trust with the followers and interact more directly when he guides them. He suggests this leader needs this closeness to provide the environment for close personal communications when inspiring, empowering, stimulating and motivating his followersSo if there are such benefits to the transformational style of management then we should look for them or look to develop them.Bruce J. Avalio et al (1999) , 1999, Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership exploitation the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire state that the best questionnaire to use for this research is the Multifunctional Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).If it is found that we only have transactional leaders then we know from the research completed by Bass (1990) that through training these can be developed into transformational leaders. Avolio et al (1999) , 1999, Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire suggests this could actually be more beneficial as he recognised that it is an actual part of the evolution of the transformational leader to have bypast through a transactional leader stage.Whittington (2009) , 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences supports this and argues that armed with the capabilities of twain styles of leadership, the best leader is the one who can understand when to use the appropriate style to match the situation or circumstance. Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc to hereChecked for References, Quotes, et al etc from here3.2. 3. Leadership Model for change-The terminal Section of the literature review is it to develop an understanding of a sit down for change. The author has not research tools used to implement change i.e. stakeholder analysis, Force Fields analysis, Readiness analysis and planning tools used to plan progress along a change implementation i.e. Master schedules, Project management tools etc. Although the author appreciates that these are part of the process and are used to aide change implementation. He has instead looked to define a pretence for change which he can use when venturing into and through any change programme he melt downs.This literature review found that there are a considerable number of models available to aid implement change. One of which is Kotter ( 2007) , 2007, Leading Change Eight Steps to Transform Your Organisation shown below. accord to Kotter (2007) , 2007, Leading Change if you fail to complete and plan these eight move you will cause the change to fail.Steps-Increase urgencyBuild the guiding teamGet the vision rightCommunicate for buy-inEmpowers actionCreate short-term winsDont let upMake change tucker outHe recommends keeping the steps simple and plan them before you exe cute them then you will have more chance of achieving your goal.Rosabeth Moss Kanter cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond budgeting Change Management (2008) , 2008, Beyond Budgeting Change Management however attractd a five step process-communicating a compelling vision.Building a coalition.Transferring ownership to a working team.Learning to preserve.Making everyone a hero.From Kotters studies he argues that change fails because people are inexperienced and do not appreciating the process of change. According to Kotter (2007) , 2007, Leading Change he has viewed many organisations who have failed at implementing change due to this point though they have been attempted under different named initiatives. This view is supported by Bernard Burnes (2003) , 2003, Managing change and changing managers from ABC TO XYZ who argues that we need to consider developing the people that execute the change as well as the steps of the change. This is also supported by Kanter who cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond Budgeting Change Management (2008) , 2008, Beyond Budgeting Change Management suggests that people need to change their behaviours to allow a change to happen.Kotter (2007) , 2007, Leading Change emphasises that change goes through phases and should be seen as a long term challenge and not a short term fix.Kanter cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond Budgeting Change Management (2008) , 2008, Beyond Budgeting Change Management states that change should not be regarded as bold strokes but long marches.Zhongjun et al (2004) , Dec 2004, An innovation process model for identifying manufacturing paradigms. suggests that by identifying and challenging paradigms is a way of modelling your change. He argues that you can use this similar to using Lean Manufacturing techniques to identify your changes. Lean Manufacturing techniques are again another way to model you changes.Another view of modelling the change process is by gaining an understanding of what people go thr ough when they are involved in change. Here suggested by William Bridges cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond budgeting Change Management (2008) , 2008, Beyond Budgeting Change Management where he describe that people go through a three step process-Ending When people let go of their old identity inert zone When old behaviours die out and people go passive for a while.Beginning When people get a new out look and a new sense of purpose.Lewin cited by Bamford, D. Forrester, P. (2003) , 2003, Managing planned and sudden change within an operations management environment. suggests that people go through three stages of learning when within a change programmefrost Clinging to what you know.Unfreezing Exploring ideas.Refreezing Identifying new skills and attitude with previously held ones.It is also noted that people go through other such effects when involved in change such as effects on their self esteem transitions of change, they baulk change and they can become blockers or inhibit change which can to be used to model the change progress and progress.By complemental this research the author has noted many different ways you can model change and different ways you can use these models to aide change.The author now intends to conduct a survey on the team leaders within the SMS dept to show how effective a model for change had been during a recent change programme in the dept.Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc to here

Return on Investment for Emergency Obstetric Care Training

give back on enthronization funds for speck obstetric sh atomic number 18 Training companionable Return on Investment for Emergency Obstetric financial aid Training in KenyaDedicationTo philanthropy and every(prenominal) those bestow to making the world a let on placeList of tables accede 11 abstract table of fond preserve sound judgement methods circuit card 21 WHO emergency obstetric cargon signboard functions.. card 31 Krlev et al. 12-point prize legal opinion manakin sidestep 32 Sources of retrieved SROI studies.Table 33 Criterion quality scores of health SROI studies crosswise the 5 dimensionsTable 34 wellness interventions that nominate been measured with SROITable 35 Summary table describing application program of the SROI methodological abridgment in healthTable 36 Summary of duration of health SROI analysis.Table 41 Outputs of the current phase of the Making it Happen programmeTable 42 Content of the LSS-EOC NC.Table 43 Distribution of Kenyan populati on across age groups.Table 44 Kenyan Key development indicators..Table 45 EmONC indicators in Kenya comp atomic number 18d to UN standards.Table 51 Description of SROI principles.Table 52 MiH let outgrowth and output data indicators applicable for SROI analysisTable 61 Stakeholder analysis of the EmONC information component of the Making it Happen programmeTable 62 Primary and secondary data requestd from the acknowledge stakeholdersList of figures date 11 Types of Social Return on Investment Studies manikin 21 Annotation of the logic role model (version 1).Figure 22 Annotation of the logic model (version 2).Figure 23 DFID 3Es + CE frame field for Value for Money..Figure 31 Schematic representation of the imaginationual framework lowpinning the reviewFigure 32 PRISMA flow diagram summarising the search mould.Figure 33 Mean quality scores of health SROI studies since 2005.Figure 34 Number of national health SROI articles published since 2005.Figure 35 Number of health SROI studies published by course of study, showing countries where the methodological analysis was appliedFigure 36 Distribution of countries conducting SROI studiesFigure 41 Map of Kenya showing the eight provinces and the surrounding countriesFigure 51 SROI touch mapFigure 52 Methods to be employ inside the SROI data collection stages..Figure 61 abridgment of stakeholders think to EmONC training in KenyaList of appendices adjunct 1 Search strategy accompaniment 2 Systematic review resultsAppendix 3 EthicsAppendix 4 Materials relating to Making it HappenAppendix 5 QuestionnairesAbbreviationsACAFIAtkisson Compass opinion for InvestorsAIDSAcquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeBACOBest operable likable OptionBEmOCBasic Emergency Obstetric complaintBEmONCBasic Emergency Obstetric and newborn baby attendingBoP Base of PyramidBScBalanced batting orderBVABlended Value hitarradiddleCAQDASCEmOCComprehensive Emergency Obstetric CareCEmONCComprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Ca reCBACost Benefit psychoanalysisCEACost-Effectiveness AnalysisCMA Cost-Minimization AnalysisCMNHCentre for Maternal Newborn healthCRTCluster Randomised TrialsCSOCivil Society OrganisationCUACost-Utility AnalysisDALYs Disability-Ad fair(a)ed Life YearsDFIDDepartment for world(prenominal) DevelopmentDHDepartment of wellnessDHS Demographic and wellness stareEEEconomic EvaluationEmOC Emergency Obstetric CareEmONCEmergency Obstetric and Newborn CareEOC NCEssential Obstetric Care and Newborn CareFGFocus GroupFGDFocus Group DiscussionGRIGlobal Reporting hatchwayHCPHealth Care ProvidersHEFCEHigher Education lineing Council for EnglandICPIntegrated Care and PreventionIDIIn-Depth InterviewKHSSIP Kenya Health domain Strategic and Investment PlanKIIKey Informant InterviewKPIKey mortal InterviewLADSILabour and Delivery Satisfaction IndexLATHLiverpool Associates in Tropical HealthLEMLocal Economic MultiplierLMICsLow and Middle Income CountriesLSS-EOCNCLife Saving Skills Essential Obstet ric Care and Newborn CareLSTMLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineMARPMost At put on the line PopulationMDG-S washbowlmillenary Development Goal S basisMICSMultiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMIFMeasuring encroachment materialMiHMaking It HappenMMRMaternal Mortality RatioMNHMaternal and Newborn HealthMOHMinistry of HealthMOMSMinistry of Medical ServicesMOPHSMinistry of Public Health and SanitationMSCMost world-shattering ChangenefNew Economics FoundationNGOsNon-Governmental OrganisationsOASISOn-going appraisal of Social ImpactsOVCOrphan and Vulnerable ChildrenPLHIVPeople reinforcement with Human Immuno-deficiency VirusPLHWAPeople Living With AIDSPSIAPoverty and Social Impact AnalysisPTOPerson Trade-OffQALYsQuality-Adjusted Life YearsQIQuality ImprovementRCOGRoyal College of Obstetricians and GynaecologistsRCTRandomised Controlled TrialsREDFRoberts Enterprise Development FundRFRoberts FoundationROIReturn on InvestmentSAASocial Accounting and AuditingSBASkilled Birth AttendantSCStak eholder consultationSCBASocial cost-Benefits AnalysisSDRSocial Discount RateSIASocial Impact AssessmentSIAASocial Impact Analysts linkSRASocial Return AssessmentSRHSexual and Reproductive HealthSROISocial Return on InvestmentSSQSix Simple QuestionsSTDsSexually Transmitted InfectionsSVAStakeholder Value AddedTBLTriple Bottom LineToCTheory of ChangeTSOThird Sector OrganisationUKUnited KingdomUNUnited NationsUNICEFUnited Nations Children FundVfMValue for MoneyWB domain BankWHOWorld Health make-up1 Introduction1.1 Purpose of the chapterThis chapter introduces the social final payment on investment methodology its explanation, history as well as strengths and weaknesses of its application. It then proceeds to pick out examples of previous applications of the method, explores any previous intersection of the methodology with the enate and newborn health field and provides the rationale for the study. Finally, the objectives of this research and an overview of the thesis are prov ided.1.2 What is Social Return on Investment?The starting definition of Social Return on Investment (SROI) is a simple financial assessment of socio- economical value. SROI compares a offers net benefits to the investment required to fix those benefits over a certain period of time (Emerson and Cabaj, 2000).Over time, this definition has been modified. In the intimately recent SROI methodology guidance, SROI is defined as a framework for measuring and deeming for the much broader invention of value. It seeks to reduce inequality and environmental degradation and improve wellbeing by incorporating social, environmental and economic costs and benefits (Nicholls et al., 2012). This definition is intimately commonly referred to in the literature, when authors define SROI, believably because it is stated inside the SROI guidance.New Economics Foundation (nef) to a fault defines SROI as an analytic putz for measuring and accounting for a much broader concept of value, taking in to account social, economic and environmental factors (nef, 2014).SROI measures change from the perspective of stakeholders that reckon or contribute to a particular activity, intervention, project, programme or policy. It tells the story of how change is being created by measuring social, environmental and economic outcomes and uses pecuniary values to represent them (Nicholls et al., 2012). Data collection and subsequent analyses allow unhurriedness of a benefits-to-costs ratio. For example, a ratio of 41 indicates that an investment of 1 delivers 4 of social value.There are two types of SROI (Nicholls et al., 2012) Figure 1-1Evaluative SROI This retrospectively measures outcomes that surrender already happened.Forecast SROI This estimates how much social electrical shock provide be generated if the activities to be conducted meet their intended outcomes.Figure 1.1 Types of Social Return on Investment Studies1.3 History of SROIA review of the development of the SROI methodolo gy would aid understanding of the initial considerations of those who developed the tool and the capabilities and potentials of the tool. This understanding is hypercritical for this research as it provides a foundation upon which the application of the SROI framework in the agnate and newborn health (MNH) area can be better understood.Roberts Foundation (RF) developed the initial SROI framework in 1996, presented in a report titled New Social Entrepreneurs The Success, Challenge and Lessons of Non-profit Enterprise intro (REDF, 1996). The purpose of the first SROI report by REDF was to demonstrate the blend of financial, social and environmental value that all the social enterprises within REDFs backup portfolio were producing compared to the total investment the organisation was making. This first SROI did not set about to account for all benefits accrued from a programme, but estimated the cost savings or revenue contributions that are attributed to the programme. The framew ork utilised a modified discounted currency flow analysis for this deliberation to demonstrate clash (Emerson and Cabaj, 2000 Emerson et al., 2000).In 1997, the RF, under its new initiative Roberts Foundation Enterprise Development Fund (REDF) updated the framework so to control the capacity to account for total organisational social return on investment and adjusted to be able to account for substantial performance that could be continuously updated. REDF recognised more limitations in the methodology (Emerson et al., 2000), but has since not produced any further SROI reports or guidelines. However, the concepts that underpinned the development of this initial framework lease been built upon in the subsequent development of the methodology over the past two decades (Tuan, 2008). Guidelines for SROI application have been produced in year 2000 (Emerson and Cabaj, 2000), 2004 (Lingane and Olsen, 2004) and 2006 (Scholten et al., 2006). In 2008, the United Kingdom (UK) Office of the Third Sector (Now referred to as Office for Civil Society (Civil Society Media, 2010)), which is responsible for charities, social enterprises and uncoerced organisations in the Cabinet Office (UK Government, 2014) launched the Measuring Social Value project (Arvidson et al., 2010) and this led to the development of an updated guideline in 2009 (Nicholls et al., 2009) and the production of another rewrite three long time later (Nicholls et al., 2012).These revisions have over the years incorporated the initial REDF SROI methodology, which was essentially a social adjoin measuring rod tool with principles and processes normally utilize in economic paygrades and financial return on investment to build a framework that captures social, economic and environmental impresss of interventions (Rotheroe and Richards, 2007). This concept of capturing the broader seismic disturbances is widely referred to as the triple bottom line (Norman and MacDonald, 2004), which is in itself encapsulated within the blended value accounting theory (Emerson, 2003). Furthermore, through this evolution, a more detailed stakeholder analysis is now included, shorter time frames are use for estimations and a process to adjusts the results for outcomes that may be attributable to different organisations has been incorporated into the calculation of the SROI ratio (Tuan, 2008).Discussions on how best to structure the methodology are on-going and networks such(prenominal) as the European SROI Network (ESROIN), create in 2004, the SROI Network (international), formed in 2008 and subsequently affiliated networks formed in Sweden, Canada and Australia, are unceasingly leading and shaping this process (SROIN, 2014a). The methodology is gradually gaining interest in Africa and Asia too. The drive to develop the methodology has come from within and without the third sector, as third sector organisations (TSOs), such as not for profit organisations, charities and free organisations, are increasingly getting involved in delivering in the public eye(predicate) serve and are viewed as development partners who need to show value for coin (Netten et al., 2010). On one hand, TSOs are pushing to become better in being accountable and demonstrating the value of their activities to donors. On the other hand, the focus of financial backing organisations has shifted from output to outcome and impact and from generous big(p) to accountable giving, through which they can demonstrate that evidence-based decisions have informed their choice of funded interventions, projects or programmes (Leat, 2006).1.4 Application of the SROI methodologyThe application of the SROI framework can vary from measurement of the impact and social value generated by a project to a programme or indeed to an entire organisation (Millar and Hall, 2013).A quick search of academic databases does not retrieve substantial amounts of research work that have used the SROI methodology, however the me thodology is very popular within the third sector and has been widely embraced by the Office of the Civil Society, donors, commissioners and the public sector (Ainsworth, 2010 Heady, 2010). Its wider practice-based use but limited application within academe restricts its development and could potentially be the reason for its minimal uptake (Arvidson et al., 2010 Ebrahim and Rangan, 2010).Since its first use by REDF in 1996 (Emerson and Cabaj, 2000), the SROI methodology has been broadly applied to umteen organisations and within many industries. Examples of its use across different sectors include agriculture, where it was used to account for impact of care farming (Leck, 2013) environmental, where it was used to account for impact of a natural regeneration project (Weston and Hong, 2012) energy, where it was used to account for impact of energy efficiency of homes in Germany (Kuckshinrichs et al., 2010) social, where it was used to account for impact of providing training and emp loyment for blind people (Sital-Singh, 2011), transport, where it was used to account for impact of a co-ordinated shared transport help which provides access to workplace, training and childcare in rural Scotland, where no utility(a) transport is available. (Wright et al., 2009) and indeed health, where amongst other examples, has been used to account for impact of a community-based paediatric asthma programme and purvey of highly nutritious breakfast for school children in Sydney, Australia (Bhaumik et al., 2013 Varua and Stenberg, 2009).As regards its application in health described in detail in Chapter 2 dogmatic review of SROI application in health, It is worth noting that in 2009, the UK Department of Health (DoH), with the support of the Cabinet Office, commissioned an action research project on which five health focused social enterprises were supported to conduct SROI analysis (Department of Health, 2010). This research demonstrated the relevance of the SROI methodology to the health sector and turn out that on that point were additional benefits of using the methodology (Millar and Hall, 2013).However, to the best of our knowledge, though relevant and appropriate, there is no reported evidence of the application of the SROI methodology in the field of maternal and newborn health.1.5 Difference between SROI and other related methodologiesAs mentioned higher up, the SROI methodology has evolved from a combination of social impact assessment tools and economic paygrade tools. It is therefore of the essence(predicate) to understand how SROI differs from these existing tools and identify what innovative approach it actually offers.When compared to other social impact measurement tools, there are subtle differences. There are several tools that have been previously or are currently being used in measuring and accounting for social impact (Acumen Fund, 2007 Brest and Harvey, 2008 Brest et al., 2009 Centre for High Impact Philanthropy, 2008 Clark et al., 2004 Emerson et al., 2000 Maas and Liket, 2011 Maas, 2008 Maughan, 2012 Nicholls et al., 2012 Owen and Swift, 2001 Schaltegger et al., 2004).Table 11 Summary table of social impact assessment methodsMethodPrimary application to Date Process event Impact MonetisationNon ProfitFor ProfitGovernmentAcumen ScorecardAtkinsson Compass Assessment for Investors (ACAFI)Balanced Scorecard (BSc)Benefit-Cost AnalysisBest Available Charitable Option (BACO)Base of Pyramid (BoP) Impact Assessment FrameworkCost per ImpactExpected ReturnGlobal Reporting portaLocal Economic Multiplier (LEM)Measuring Impact Framework (MIF)Millennium Development Goal Scan (MDG-Scan)Most Significant Change current Assessment of Social Impact (OASIS)Poverty and Social Impact AnalysisSocial Accounting and Auditing (SAA)Social Costs-Benefits Analysis (SCBA)Social Return Assessment (SRA)Social Return on Investment (SROI)Stakeholder Value Added (SVA)Theories of ChangeTable 1-1 shows the chance on characteristics of t hese different social impact measurement tools described in the literature, identifying the tools that manage efficiency and effectiveness of outputs, indicators or variables (process) tools that relate outputs and outcomes and to substantiate incremental outcomes above what would have occurred if the intervention was not implemented (impact) and tools that monetize outcomes and/or impact by transforming them to monetary value (monetization). Finally the table details the sector(s) in which the method has thus far been applied non-profit (third sector), for profit (commercial) or public sector (government).Of these tools, SROI appears to have gained wide acclaim because of its involvement of all stakeholders, who respectively define the value they have experienced because of the intervention. In addition, SROI monetises costs and benefits and likewise ticks all the boxes of the logical framework, as it accounts for processes, outcomes and impact (Arvidson et al., 2010 Nicholls e t al., 2012).The other similar methodologies to SROI are Economic Evaluation (EE) tools. These compare two or more alternative interventions in terms of their costs and benefits (Drummond et al., 1997). Economists have distinguished four types of economic military rating Cost-minimization analysis (CMA), Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), Cost benefit analysis (CBA) and Cost-utility analysis (CUA). While the definition of cost remains the same, the manner of accounting for the benefits differs across the types (Drummond et al., 2005). These different types of EE are described belowCost-minimization analysis (CMA) In which, there is proven evidence that equivalent effectiveness of the comparators in question. thusly the more cost-effective option would be the cheaper one (since twain options have similar outcome).Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) Effectiveness is measured in natural units such as life years gained.Cost benefit analysis (CBA) Costs and benefits are monetised, with t he cost-effective option being the one that results in a lower monetised ratio.Cost-utility analysis (CUA) Outcome is measured in Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) or Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is a composite metric of both length and quality of life.When compared to the SROI methodology, whereas a boastfully focus of economic evaluation tools is on the microeconomic evaluation of the impact of any intervention, SROI accounts for not just economic value, but social and environmental impacts. It has been described as an concomitant of the cost-benefit analysis that incorporates broader socio-economic outcomes (Westall, 2011). In addition, SROI focuses on stakeholders, uses financial proxies, is more of a watchfulness tool, is more likely conducted by organisations themselves, while CBAs are usually conducted by external agents and the most up to date guidance does not commend comparing estimated SROI ratios, unlike CBAs that are designed to be comparable. How ever, these differences appear to be largely based on the style of each approach, rather than the rightful(a) substance (Arvidson et al., 2010).1.6 Strengths and limitations of the SROI methodology1.6.1 Strengths of the SROI methodologyPractitioners and previous authors have identified any(prenominal) of the key strengths of the SROI methodology.Firstly, the fact that the SROI process generates a singular ratio that captures the broader impact (positive and negative) of an intervention is perceived as a key strength (Millar and Hall, 2013). bingle other strength is its meaningful engagement of stakeholders and its representation of their benefits in shipway that are funny to the stakeholders themselves (Millar and Hall, 2013).More so, the fact that this benefits experience or impact experience is being explained from the perspective of the stakeholder is a unique characteristic of SROI, and this important stakeholder view is often neglected in conventional impact evaluation tool s (Rauscher et al., 2012).In addition, the method provides a platform for social enterprises to leverage and/or effectively communicate their impact. This ultimately promotes better communication amongst all partners, whether they are beneficiaries, funders or implementers (Mdee et al., 2008).The SROI process also strengthens accountability and transparency systems of social enterprises (Arvidson et al., 2010).Finally, the SROI process is a very useful auditing tool to aid management decisions and service improvement (Social Ventures Australia (SVA) Consulting, 2012).1.6.2 Limitations of the SROI methodologyHowever, there are limitations of the methodology, just as there are of other impact evaluation methodologies (Arvidson et al., 2010).Some methodological limitations that have been raised include the difficulty of attaching financial values to soft outcomes that require subjective evaluation to generate financial proxies (Lingane and Olsen, 2004) such as self-confidence or confi dence (Bertotti et al., 2011).Albeit still in developmental stage, is the Wiki Values, Outcomes and Indicators for Stakeholders (VOIS) database of the SROI Network is an tackle are to standardise such outcomes by recommending indicators and values of such outcomes that can be used to account for them (Rauscher et al., 2012). An example of a health related outcome on WikiVOIS is change in incidence of abortion. Contributors to the database have suggested that cost of medical termination of pregnancy can be used to value this outcome in Canada (The Global Value Exchange, 2013).In addition, the methodology needs an estimation of what would have happened anyway to calculate the value that can be attributed to the specific organisation, programme or intervention, however, this counterfactual data is seldom available (Cordery, 2013 Heady, 2010).Furthermore, the lack of comparability of SROI ratios across different organisations and/or interventions is perceived as a limitation (Ryan and Lyne, 2008).On practical grounds, SROI methodology is adjudged to be cost-intensive and requires the expertise and know-how of professionals and in some cases training, some of which small organisations cannot afford (Wood and Leighton, 2010).1.7 rule for the studyThough applicable and relevant, to the best of our knowledge, there is no put down application of the SROI methodology in the area of maternal and newborn health. For most MNH interventions, the key beneficiaries are the women and their families. There is currently no tool that captures the perspectives of all these stakeholders on impact of any intervention in one epitome figure. This underscores the need to explore the use of primary data that will include inputs of those benefiting from MNH interventions, as this may potentially be useful in identifying the most complete estimate of the impact of these interventions. To buttress this, some authors have pointed out that this complete evaluation of MNH interventions ne eds to include identification of the most culturally appropriate intervention for each local setting and peculiar issues unique to the setting. Those who are the major beneficiaries of the intervention are better positioned to identify these culturally appropriate interventions. Thus the call for culturally sensitive impact evaluations, which attempt to identify specific causes of problems, rather than basing decisions on superficial indicators such as maternal mortality rate, which is only quantitative and does not capture softer outcomes that also demonstrate impact of an intervention (McPake and Koblinsky, 2009 Pradhan, 2008).Secondly, data used as maternal health indicators are usually generated from relatively credible sources such as the Demographics and Health Survey (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and World Development Indicators, but the problem of lack of uniformity in the process by which the indicators were generated remains (Pradhan, 2008). This is compl icated by the fact that a large number of developing countries, that receive aid, do not have close or complete secondary data to base impact evaluation on (WHO,

Romanticism and Realism Comparison

love affair and pragmatism Comparison love affair and Realism argon both(prenominal) different lit agery movements, only when atomic number 18 closely related in clock and history. love affair is best characterized as a movement of art, literature, and way of thought in the kernel of the eighteenth century. Ro humanticism was sparked by the Industrial Revolution. love story was in essence a protest of the Enlightenment period. Many people did non approve of the occurrence that scientific discoveries were being cod about temper, many another(prenominal) wanted personality to stay as a pure, and work of God, not scientific discovery. The Romanticism era tried to revolt from the Enlightenment and science by cerebrate term and effort on literature, music, art, natural history, and education (Romanticism). As the middle nineteenth century approached, many were hesitant to trust this amatory bowed stringed instrument of thought. People wanted to find peace in knowing w herefore things happened and to separate from supernatural explanations (Earle). Having an explanation in science made many feel more confident and liked that events could be condoneed scientifically, kind of than an sentiment they could not prove. Many can tell the difference between Romanticism and Realism easiest by the plot and characterization. Throughout these literary movements, many authors made their claim to fame by writing terrific literature that fit their style of writing and the literary movement in which they were a part of. An classical author that contributed swell work in the era of Romanticism was William Wordsworth. Wordsworth was natural(p) in 1770, in what many would call the scenic area of England. William Wordsworth was the minute of five children of the John and Ann Wordsworth. Although he produced many notable pieces of poetry, he is close to famous for his poem I wonder lonely as a cloud. I wonder lonely as a cloud is a poem of a of society tha t is moving from the claim liking of nature and tomography towards the harms of genuinelyity and away from Gods creation. This poem by Wordsworth is very such(prenominal) characterized as a Romanticism piece of writing. The entire poem is base around love, guilt, and sin. Romanticism literature has more of a psychological feel, appeals more to the inside of someone. The setting and facts of the story is not as important as what the characters or in many cases the given metaphor are spillage through. Although, the Puritan society background squareisticly aids in the intact understand of why Wordsworth is going through the digression of the natural terra firma, the important point of the poem is to usher the natural side of the everyday being and the movement or change in society. For example, in the poem I wonder lonely as a cloud William depicts A poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund friendship I gazedand gazedbut little thought what wealth the show to me had bro ught (Wordsworth). This confirms this poem as a piece of romance literature not just because of the time period, but the lineation. The poem is talking about the gifts that God had given us in terms of imagination and more importantly the natural world. The main(prenominal) point of this story is change, making it a part of the romantic scheme of poetry, clearly fitting the era in which it was written.Another famous source in the Romanticism period was Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is greatly known for his rather swart works. Poe was born in 1809 and died in 1849, amidst this romantic time frame. He was a critic and literary mastermind, practically inventing the mystery type genre (Poes Life). intimately of his poetry and other writing pieces are dark, al virtually demented, with a rather negative connotation. His most famous poetry that takes on a romantic feel is The Raven. The Raven is dark poem depicting a man who has regret about his lover. A raven visits a man period he is debat ing himself, to forgive or forget his dead lover. This is considered a romanticism piece of work since he shows his romantic and sensitive side toward he lost love. He clearly explains his thoughts of his love and how it is effecting him emotionally, And the silken sad questionable rustling of each purple curtain/ Thrilled me filled me with raving mad terrors never felt before /So that now, to still the beating of my softheartedness (Poe). This really portrays the romanticism of this poem because he talks about his mourning and how he is still sad and lonely without his love. He goes on to explain he is still living, but feels like he is not without her with him. This is impress to think that Poe had a part in the romanticism era patronage his dark work before, yet this time period was so profound to authors and artists that he was still influenced by it.Although the Romanticism era had a great effect on arts all around the world, with the turn of the 19th century, realness was the craze to write to and about. One of the most famous realism authors in American literature was Mark Twain. Although most of his work was in the 19th century, his lasting realism works have been enjoyed since then. He was born in Florida and as he grew up, became a printmakers apprentice. As he was immersed into the world of words, he became a reporter and soon began writing of his own imagination (Biography). His most famous works include The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Twain is delineated through the realism era because he did not write about magic, mystical, and such a focus on love, he focused on depicting life in a realistic manner. For example, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, he explains a story in which a young boy is pretermit and abused by his father. Realism was all about the historical time frame and reference, and writing about events and situations that actually happened in real life. Huck explains his life and when his father gets drunk, Then the old man got to cussing and cussed everything and everybody he could think of, and then cussed them all over again to make sure he hadnt skipped any (Twain). This quote perfectly shows that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn had showed and explained many real life events and things that were happening in society, making it a great concussion in the Realism era.Next to Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson was one of the other most significant contributors to Realism literature. Emily was born in 1830 in Massachusetts to her majestic parents. She was very bright at a very young age, but was restricted by her strict religion (Pettinger). Although Emily was influenced by the Romanticism era of nature, she was influenced by her harsh realities of life and society, which is best described as realism. For example, her famous poem Because I could not stop for Death explains the harsh reality of dying, but her calm take on it. Dickinsons explanation that death is a part of life and we should not fear it is greatly characterized by realism, since real life comes with death. Her serine thoughts on death are summed up in the commencement ceremony 2 lines of her poem, Because I could not stop for Death-/He kindly stop for me-/ (Dickinson). This clearly can be considered realism since it deals with such a real issue, something that goes on in life and society every day.Overall, the Romanticism and Realism era has produced some of the greatest works of art, music, literature, and theories. As you inspect both eras, you can easily see how they play off each other. Romanticism was the product of resisting the Enlightenment and taking a stance for the arts. Hawthorne and Poe greatly demonstrate their romanticism attitude by writing about the psychological do of a person love, mourning, and guilt. Romanticism is the use of the heart and internal struggles of individuals and how they are relating to each other and nature. As time and science advance d, many took the highroad of realism, literature they could relate to and explaining society. Twain and Dickinson take Realism to a on the whole new level, by explaining thoroughly society problems and real life events that everyone deals with. some(prenominal) eras have extreme importance in literary movements and have showed the innovation of history has an influence on the arts.

Margaret Thatcher and Martin Luther King Speech Comparison

Marg bet Thatcher and Martin Luther King Speech ComparisonWith reference to the two speakers Marg atomic number 18t Thatcher and Martin Luther King, comparability the path in which English may be employ for rhetorical purposes in political and religious speeches.collins Dictionary defines rhetoric as the art or study of using language efficaciously and persuasively and it is no surprise that such a skill is often in evidence with corking politicians or religious leaders. The need to actively gain ground angiotensin converting enzymes pass along in a good light, especially if it is a disputed decision that provide be uncovered to debate, is vital and backside basal the difference between success and failure. Indoctrination or persuasion of the masses has, since the very dawn of primitive communication, settle opinionated beings against each other and propelled those who are able to work effectively at bottom the recognised techniques of rhetoric into the glare of soci ety. Indeed, historical figures from Gandhi to Hitler polish offure used vocal stimulus to spread their message and influence the masses, and through various techniques, well constructed rhetorical speeches are effectively audience management devices giving their key outeners cues, reference sharpens and the suggested positions of applause.Within this essay, I will be investigation Thatchers and Kings manipulation of such techniques. Beginning with Margaret Thatchers speech to the Conservative Party Bournemouth conference in 1990, it is interesting to note how she begins her speech with an impassioned mention of a origin colleague killed in Ireland. Building up to what will later frame a key issue in her speech, she utilizes emotive language in the beginning he was murdered by the IRA, Ian taught us how a civilised community of interests should respond to such an outrage insinuating the absolute guilt of the IRA and to set a tone of compassion within her rhetoric that must(pr enominal) allow softened the hearts of her audience and helped gain their approval and support for her and their messages and sentiments.However, in Martin Luther Kings 1963 I have a dream address to a cracking wave of protesting civil rights campaigners, the tone is somewhat diametric. Rather than speaking to a more contained group of political figures, he is responsible for enflaming the hearts of thousands of pertain individuals who may well however have come from all walks of life, and his beginning rhetoric seems to reflect this. Rather than Thatchers heartfelt vote of apprehension for a colleague presumably k promptlyn by most within the conference, Luther Kings audiences only common ground is their compete and desire to take action, and he attempts to arrest the feeling of this need. I am happy to join with you at once in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. Here, King is dealing in emotive absolutes, b uilding up the importance of the event, and stirring he crowd into excitement and attentiveness, ready to take in the rest of his great speech.Indeed, religious and civil rights speakers, like Luther King, often depend rather more on verbal eloquence and spontaneous creativity than their political counterparts. In a setting that is less formal and subject to passions rather than modishly crafted spin, little of these speeches may be scribed in advance and an old Afri displace tradition of call and response has been noted by the linguistic police detectives Keith and Whittenberger Keith (1986.) Indeed, this is ostensible several times over in Kings speech, firstly as a call to all in the first line, and then again with open comments Let us not wallow in the valley of desperation and of take to the woods, the famous I have a dream statement. Both of these lines, and more in the speech besides, showcase this call and response, while one notes that in Margaret Thatchers speech she a ppears to address and name check Mr chairwoman when she addresses her audience, offering a more official line of diction.It is as well lucid that King, in the style of such old Afri bath or pentecostal preachers, uses stark proverbs and a great deal of imaging within his lyric poem to ensure that his point is shown starkly to the many different sections of the community, both meliorate and not, that may be watching him perform. Using metaphor in describing his peoples struggle to being dealt an unfair deal in society, In a reason weve come to our nations capital to cash a check, he constructs an entire separate around the paradigm of the need for money, a common problem everyone can relate too, and thus brilliantly engages his audience. Thatcher of course has the luxury of a to the full engaged audience and prefers to allude to very real policy discussion, and humourous asides that a fully educated audience of Conservative members can appreciate, once again proving that tar endureing ones audience is extremely valuable in the process of exploiting rhetoric.However, scorn these subtle differences, it is noticeable that the arts and techniques of rhetoric, as studied and scribed by the researcher Atkinson, are commonly used in both Kings and Thatchers speeches. Obviously, in spite of being different types of rhetoric, quasi-religious/political and right away political, an underlying need to hold attention and elicit response is necessary and so it is unsurprising that the trey part list is noticeable in both of these speeches. In Thatcher one such example is Theyre quite presently speeches. laughterfo 9 Monosyllables even. laughter Short monosyllables and within Kings address We cannot walk alone and as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. Both plain important moments in the speeches, Thatchers to insinuate a sense of troupe unity and witty aside, while Kings insists unrepentant solidarity and p rogress, the use of this three point list, simply a point made via the use of three specific components, is vital in amplifying general ideas and stimulating audience response. join with this, and often obvious within such triplets, is the use of repetition, and to some cessation rhyme, that is produced in these speeches. King repeats I have a dream at the beginning of eight sentences rising to a feverish crescendo of verbalize word politics to amplify and continuously rein twinge his message (see end of his speech) and Thatcher uses the device more sparsely to achieve similar results. new jobs. come apart jobs. Cleaner jobs. Such rhyming words coupled with exciting imagery within them (King uses sweltering and Oasis to compare the contemporary situation and his future tense vision of the state of Mississippi) can excite an audience and to a fault take hold them a cue to respond in applause or a holler back situation, depending on the nature of the address itself. Of course, we must also remember that these speakers will have used intonation and gesticulation not easy in the transcripts of these speeches, but these are also very important in the art of successful rhetoric.The use of contrasts, and occasional symmetrical contrasts are also evident in both of these speeches both Thatcher and King drawing on failures of others to highlight the superiority of the speakers favoured position. I seemed to hear a strange sound emanating from Blackpool. And I thought at first it was seagulls. laughter indeed I remembered that lug was holding its annual Conference there and And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. Although, of course, the tones of these voices are very different, Thatcher taking a cheap shot at the Labour party while King is striving to keep his protest on the high plane of dignity and discipline, they both contrast their message with failures of a rival institution or the system as a whole. Cynics could of course dismiss t his element of rhetoric as merely a heroic attempt to cover up ones own lurking bad points with those of others, although if skilfully done, it can help immensely to highlight these problems and bring down the audience science of what could be seen as a rival problem.So, in conclusion and despite the differing social and political contexts of the situations, Thatchers and Kings speeches, although unsurprisingly differently constructed and clearly intended for different audiences, contain many similarities in the type of rhetorical devices they use to get their messages across. Thatchers arguably more familiar and amusing speech is sure as shooting more frivolous and snide at times, while Kings I have a dream seems more spontaneous and impassioned, but in terms of historical importance, this seems unsurprising. Indeed, even looking at a more juvenile speech, that of Tony Blairs 2003 declaration of British war on Iraq, similar techniques can be witnessed. Repetition and rhyme, not wherefore does it matter? But why does it matter so much? within a rhetorical interrogative mood in this case the use of a three part list What changed his mind? The threat of force. From December What changed his mind? The threat of force. And what makes him? The imminence of force and even an element of media call and response is in evidence And now the world has to learn the lesson all over again. Of course, unlike Thatcher, there is no political backstabbing at a rival party, the situation would be deemed to important to go along that route, but he does nevertheless compare the way Saddam Hussain ran Iraq to the way the world should, in his view, progress. Indeed, it seems the art of rhetoric is mostly formalized in terms of techniques, but can be used skilfully to push any doctrine in a originative and personal manner by an individual.Bibliographyhttp//www.stanford.edu/dept/english/courses/sites/lunsford/pages/defs.htmhttp//www.margaretthatcher.com/Speeches/displaydocument .asp?docid=108217doctype=1http//www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/Ihaveadream.htmhttp//politics.guardian.co.uk/foreignaffairs/story/0,11538,916789,00.htmlCollins English Dictionary (Collins 2005)Janet Maybin (Editor), Neil Mercer (Editor) From Conversation to Canon (English Language Past,Present Future) (Taylor Francis 1996) 130

William B. Willcoxs The Age of Aristocracy Essay -- European History

William B. Willcoxs The Age of AristocracyThis compact little reserve is Volume III of a series entitled A history of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith, and its inclusion in this series reveals much close to its scope and intent. Smith writes in the Preface to the series that their authors have well-tried by artistry to step beyond the usual confines of a text record book and conjure up something of the drama of politics, of the wealth of personalities, and even of the pettiness, as well as the greatness, of human motivation. Some of this can be rear in The Age of Aristocracy some of it cannot. William B. Willcoxs device for covering the noteworthy people and events of one hundred forty-two years in only two hundred thirty-seven pages is to view them through the lens of the changing power of the oligarchy, and the evolving relationship in the midst of Monarch and Parliament. Important military and friendly events thus become the results of political maneuvering between these governing forces the books focus is upon the mutualness of society and event to recreate a sense of what Smith calls the rarefied sweep of history from 1688 to 1830. Willcox begins and ends his history with the spoils and applications of revolution. Between the Glorious Revolution and the presentment of the Reform Bill in 1831, Willcox sees the rise and gradual fall of a British aristocracy that ruled. . . as never before or since (236), and provided the renewal from the world of post-medieval feudalism to the beginnings of the imperialistic British Empire. This is a lot to cover, and Willcox attacks the mental process by focusing his attention primarily upon the individuals who served as high-ranking ministers in the evolving Cabinet. By explaining the polit... ...s and patterns legion(predicate) years in the making. The books 237-page length is appropriate for such(prenominal) a goal, in order that we might not forget how those patterns began and from what forces they were born. For Willcox, these patterns plow even into our own century, and he is careful to remind us of the similarities between figures such as William Pitt and Winston Churchill while raising the spectre of modern Fascism in the revolutionary idea of nationalism that the French had sown, particularly in Germany and Italy (211). Willcoxs book hobbles a bit on a few too many legs without enough muscle, but it is unassuming and involving. The British aristocracy, writes Willcox, did not battle to the destruction (237), and neither does his brief study of its twilight. Work CitedWilliam B. Willcox. The Age of Aristocracy 1688-1830. capital of Massachusetts D.C.Heath and Company, 1966. 237 pp.

Symbols and Symbolism in A Raisin in the Sun †Dream Symbolism :: Raisin Sun essays

A Raisin in the fair weather Dream Symbolism   A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, portrays the life of a black family living in a bad section of boodle. There are many problems in this family, merely mostly it revolves around the character of mummy and how she longs to give her family a bettor life through the capital she receives when her husband dies. Also, the family deals with the racism in Chicago in the 1950s complicating the realization of Mamas ambitiousnesss for the family as well as other family conflicts that beget up when money is entered into the equation.   A Raisin in the Sun is basically just about dreams, as the main characters struggle to deal with the oppressive circumstances that dominate their lives. The Youngers struggle to attain these dreams throughout the play, and much of their happiness and depression is instanter related to their attainment of, or failure to attain, these dreams. By the end of the play, they corres pond that the dream of a house is the most important dream because it unites the family.   Oh--So instantly its life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life--now its money. I guess the world really do change. Mama is Walter and Beneathas excitable and loving mother and the head of the Younger household. She demands that members of her family respect themselves and take ostentation in their dreams. Mama demands that the apartment in which they all live incessantly be neat and clean. She stands up for her beliefs and provides perspective from an older generation. She believes in mental strain to succeed while maintaining her moral boundaries. Money is only a way to an end for Mama dreams are more important to her than material things, and her dream is to own a house with a garden and yard where Travis shag play. The following quotation occurs in Act I, scene ii when Mama asks Walter why he always talks about money. Walter then replies money is life, explaining to her that that he believes that success is all about how much money you have. This communication takes place early in the play and reveals Mamas and Walters money struggles, and it goes to show the variance in their generations.

Censorship and Political Misinformation Essay -- Censorship

Introduction In 1944, after the Red force invaded Poland and imposed the communist system upon it, large groups of Polish society resisted the attempts at social conversion inspired by Marxist ideologies and Soviet example. more social echelons were effected by the new social engineering which included, expropriations, ideological and organizational unification, and party and state control over social, political, and economic life. (Karpinski. 1997). Writers, artists and educators had victor bypassing such hard security review and were capable to deliver their messages to the public, teaching set different than the ones officially approved by their organization. After 1956, Polish historians, sociologists, and philosophers were able to publish valuable works that were free of Marxist ideological obligations. almost authors chose to bypass censorship completely by publishing abroad. The development of unofficial, uncensored, and hugger-mugger publishing in the 1970s broade ned the channels of public communication. Radio Free europium and other Western radio stations broadcast works print abroad and in the underground, giving them stronger resonance throughout the world.Typically, controlling ideological unification, regulating flow of data, and neutralizing critical opinion are the focal points of government controlled censorship. For centuries, the Chinese people have been isolated from the rest of the world receivable to the Peoples Republic of chinaware, or PRC, governments strict censorship laws. Though the rise of the cyberspace has increased the flow of information within China, all information is heavily scrutinized by the current censorship machine known as the Golden Shield Project, colloquially referred to as the Great Fi... ... Road Blocks. Washington GPO, 2006. Web. Pierson, David. China Online Call for Protests in China Prompts Crackdown - Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times - California, National and World News - Latimes.com. 26 Feb. 2 011. Web.Schrage, Elliot. Testimony The Internet in China. Official Google Blog. 15 Feb. 2006. Web. Solomon, Richard. Maos Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture. Berkeley University of California Press, 1971United States. Federal Communications Commission. Fiscal twelvemonth 2008 Performance and Accountability Report. Washington GPO, 2008. Web.Watts, Jonathan. Chinas Secret Internet Police object lens Critics with Web of Propaganda Technology The Guardian. The Guardian. 14 June 2005. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.Karpinski, Jakub, and Tibor Dessewffy. Dissidents--Then and Now. Transition. Feb. 21 1997 14-23. SIRS Researcher. Web. 02 Feb. 2011.

Difficulty Writing an essay at Tertiary Level -- English Writing

Writing an canvas at Tertiary direct is an extremely difficult process. IntroductionThe ability to save a quality piece of writing at the tertiary level is a procedure that does not come easily. As mentioned in marshal and Rowland (2006, p.195).the complexity of developing a style of writing that is personal and donnish while processing and developing thoughts and concepts into a presentable piece of donnish writing can be a daunting process ( myself include ).This essay will discuss some of the barriers a assimilator whitethorn experience during their writing experience. The development of research and reading skills in their start to knowledge and difficulties a student may experience due to cunctation and consequently questioning the usefulness of the essay as a acquirement tool.Motivation and ReasoningFor many students essay-writing is the bane of their lives. They question the usefulness of essays, shake heavy weather of writing them, and generally try to put the m sour for as long as they can get away with it(Rowntree,D. 1974, p.65).In this quote from Rowntree the discussion is over the initial process, the assimilation of ideas and knowledge. Most students would keep back that the most difficult part of the process is to organise ideas and concepts into words on paper, especially words that they feel to convey their thoughts as Barnett, cited in marshal and Rowland (2006, p.145).mentions.The question does need to be asked Who (or what) am I writing this essay for?Marshall and Rowland (2006, p92).argue that we write only for our tutor or lecturer as a means to assess our scholarly efforts.I disagree with this and would locating with the view from Rowntree (1974, p65).that the written essay make... ...r ConclusionEssays are not an flabby task, but they can be a task over which the student has the most control. Importantly, the written essay teaches a student to think by giving them skills to analyse a topic systematically and communica te their thoughts close the topic in a logical way.Essays are about learning and showing proof of the research effort, your knowledge and your depth of understanding of a topic.ReferencesMarshall, L. and Rowland,F. (2006). A Guide to Learning Independently. Malaysia Pearson Education Australia.Orr, F. (1992). Writing essays. In film skills for successful students. North Sydney Allen and Unwin.Pauk, W. (1969). The research paper,Time and technique. Journal of Reading 13. Reprinted as studious writing A case study. , p.25-32.Rowntree, D. (1974). How to Write Essays. London MacDonald.

Free Essays on Frankenstein: The Creature as a Foil to Frankenstein :: free essay writer

The fauna as a Foil toFrankenstein Frankenstein, speaking of himself as a newborn man in his fathers star sign, points out that he is impertinent Elizabeth, who would rather follow the aerial creations of the poets. Instead he come afters knowledge of the man though investigation. As the novel progresses, it becomes clear that the meaning of the word human is for Frankenstein, very much biased or limited. He thirsts for knowledge of the palpable world and if he perceives an conception to be as yet unrealized in the material world, he then attempts to work on the idea in order to give it, as it were, a worldly existence. Hence, he creates the creature that he rejects because its worldly form did not reflect the rejoice and magnificence of his original idea. Thrown, unaided and ignorant, into the world, the creature begins his own journey into the discovery of the strange and hidden meanings encoded in human language and society. In this essay, I will discuss how the creature basis be regarded as a foil to Frankenstein through an examination of the schooling, formal and informal, that both of them go through. In some ways, the creatures gain in knowledge can be seen to parallel Frankensteins, such as, when the creature begins to learn from books. Yet, in former(a) ways, their experiences differ greatly, and one of the factors that contribute to these differences is a structured and systematic rule of learning, based on philosophical tenets, that is available to Frankenstein but not to the creature. Frankenstein speaks fondly of his youth because his parents were indulgent and his companions were amiable (21). His parents policy in the education of their children is that in that respect should neither be punishment nor the voice of command (26). Instead, they encourage their children to pursue their studies with vigor by having the end placed in view(21) and by having them discover the process by which to reach the end and not by making them learn tedious lessons. Frankensteins testimony to this is that he learnt collapse and retained his knowledge well. The approach to Frankensteins education in the home is strongly influenced by Rousseau, one of the most eloquent writers of the Age of Enlightenment. In his influential novel Emile, Rousseau expounded a new theory of education that emphasises the richness of expression rather than repression to produce a well-balanced and free-thinking child.

Humanism :: essays research papers

According to Encyclopedia.com humanism is, a philosophical and literary movement in which man and his capabilities atomic number 18 the central concern. While this elemental definition certainly does convey the essence of the movement, it does no justice to the whirlwind of tasteful and intellectual inspiration stirred up by it. There are many a(prenominal) forms of humanistic philosophy in todays society, only the origin of this school of thought traces its roots back to the days of the scholars of superannuated Greece and Rome. It was the revival of and renewed interest in Greco-Roman culture around (during the western transition from medieval to early modern culture) that marked the scratch of the Early rebirth. The humanists believed that the Greek and Latin classics contained all the lessons one needed to clear a moral and effective life. It was the profound respect for genius and scientific knowledge and of course the reevaluation of classical thought, literature, and art that gave the Renaissance its distinctively worldly stamp. Many accomplished artists and intellectuals studied during the roughly 200 year current of the Renaissance, and while some are more recognized than others, it is their combined wisdom that created many of foundations on which modern society is based. Though there were many great intellectuals, and artists during the three Renaissance periods, there are a some who clearly stick out as representing the true attitude of the times. These Renaissance Men as they are now called didnt limit themselves to one medium of hire or expression. Rather they embraced many forms of science and artistry, and finished their combined studies observed, recorded, and created many scientific theories about nature, man and nature, and man and himself that still hold truth and are the basis of many palm of study today. Of all the artist-scientists of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci best deserves the title. Born in Florence during the High Renaissance (1452-1519) he was most certainly not a man of book learning da Vinci spent his life observing the world around him, either imitating nature through art, or explaining nature through science. His hundreds of ingenious mechanical inventions and extensive knowledge in the fields of art, biology and the natural sciences immortalize his role as the father of the scientific revolution.Da Vincis work Embryo in the Womb (ca.1510) seems to be a perfect example of the impression classic humanism had on the works of the Renaissance.