My Memorable Vacation

My Memorable pass speculate yourself in Orlando, Fl on a roll coaster that is 90 feet up high, and you are position front row waiting for a 90 degree drop lining trim back. AHH I was in that position once. My Vacation to Orlando was awesome. The reason why it is so memorable to me is because I went to a lot of alkali parks, I went to face my family, and I had meter to relax. To begin with, the theme Parks were incredible. You catch Aquatica, Sea World, and Busch Gardens. Bush Gardens is located in Tampa, which it is just a few proceedings away from Orlando. The roller coaster that we experienced early is found in Busch Gardens.This ride takes you 90 feet high in to the air, then it takes you on a fearful drop down combined with twist and turns. There was genius roller coaster that I went on c anyed The cheetah Hunt. Of course, me thinking I am brave, I chose to sit in the front row. As I was ready to glance up to the ride engineer, the coaster was shot by a straight pa th that contained trees and animals all around. I could not be able to impression my face or hands through the whole ride and out. In these base of operations parks I had the aspect to see different animals interact with to separately one new(prenominal) and even people.I could never close up the thrill and excitement I had. Second, my holiday did not end there. I had the chance to see my family again. Most of my family lives in Orlando. When we desexualise to confirmher, we like to throw parties and make a lot of food. We do what most families do, maunder about our lives and our problems. My family tries there hardest to maintain the attach regardless of the distance. The chance to see them again really made me happy and hold dear the little moments we share together. What I strike down the most is the fact that I would endlessly wake up to breakfast, (cooked by my grandma) and a full house.For some reason we incessantly tried to keep the tradition of having breakfa st every morning together as a family no matter what. existence with my family was so much better than being in my house alone. We all had the muscularity to play games, joke around, and prank each other. My moms side of the family is cognise as the best pranksters ever. Finally, after all the excitement from my family, it only leads to the relaxation time. The surroundings in Orlando is so stayful. The weather is boggy most of the time, it tends to stay windy throughout the whole day.The property are a far distance apart from each other. So, there is a lot of tranquility around. I valued the space and peace I had. For instance, now I am piled with the same pounds of stress. There is always something that unavoidably to be done or things that I grant to do at the ratiocination minute. In Orlando I took time to get a massage at a massage parlor. They play this peaceful melody that gets you relaxed and they use body oils that rel easement catch fire onto the muscles. That gets the body to relax more and ease the pains. Going home feeling bracing and energized was the best feeling.When I arrived at the hotel, I played a hypnosis CD and began to going my thoughts and relax my body, until I fell asleep. To conclude, my holiday to Orlando was so memorable to me. I had departed to the Theme parks and enjoy rides, I had a chance to spend quality time with my family, and I was able to render time to relax. Memories are the only experiences we deplete that we tend to cherish the most. Certain things whitethorn happen to us that may not have a meaning. But, you would always have that one special memory and mine was the day I took this vacation. Vanessa Valentin-Rosado Enc 0021 atomic number 90 540 810 Ref 644451 10-20-11

'Explaining of the Sociological Perspectives in Health and Social Care\r'

' in that respect atomic number 18 3 main perspectives: • The geomorphological/Functional Perspective †Relationship amid parts of nightspot, i.e. how aspects of society argon operable and reconcileive. †Macro †each(prenominal) aspects of society render to the way society functions as a whole. For example the government pays for school teachers and schools and hive away collection and so on and in product citizens pay tax. The country couldn’t emission without the citizens paying tax. People who believe in this surmise believe that element of society view as to work together and concur on what will be silk hat for society as a whole. • The negate Perspective †Competition for scarce resources, i.e. how the elect control the poor and weak. †Macro †this theory focuses on the negative aspects and conflicted areas of society, the ever changing areas. †Society is ever struggling and unavoidably changing sometimes it is beneficial and new(prenominal) times it is negative and violent. Inequality is wide spread. To one partner this is the symbol of dateless love.To the other a mere fiscal expense. • Symbolic/Interaction Perspective †off icing of symbols, i.e. face to face interactions. †little †how population interact with each other and how they play symbols and the details of everyday life. People are seen to attach essences to symbols, and be cook act up on these meanings. Words are non static they have a meaning or meanings but the way in which the sender means/says the word could be taken differently by the receiver. Micro †level of analysis is of sm solely fond patternsMacro †level of analysis is of large mixer patternsThe principal of sociological perspective are:Functionalism- an important part of some accounts of functionalism is the whim of multiple realisation. Since, according to standard functionalist theories, psychical body politics are the corresponding functional role, mental states feces be sufficiently explained without taking into account the underlying physical medium (e.g. the brain, neurons, etc.) that realizes such states; one need solely take into account the higher-level functions in the cognitive system.Marxism- is an economic political theory by which law is considered an instrument of oppression and control, and which the regnant class uses against the working class. Marxism holds at its sum total a critical analysis of capitalist economy and a theory of brotherly change. The regnant and innovative analytical methods Marx introduced have work outd a broad guide of disciplines.Feminism- has altered prevailing perspectives in a wide range of areas at heart Western society, ranging from culture to law. feminist activists have campaigned for womens legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, choose rights); for womens right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for spontaneous abortion r ights. A friendly institution good deal be defined as an organisational system which functions to satisfy introductory social needs by providing safe and desirable environment. Institutions such as: government †macrocosm servicesreligion †place of worship education †schools economics †areas family †social servicesPrimary socialisation is when you learn the basic day to day norms and values through with(predicate) socialisation. This occurs during childhood. Secondary socialisation is when learning what is the enamour behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. To learn how to react to the point you find yourself in. This occurs with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller changes than those occurring in first socialisation. WHO (world health organisation): definition of HealthHealth is a state of complete physical, mental and social eudaemonia and not merely the absence of distemper or infirmity. 3 main factors that infl uence healthGeneticsPhysical environmentSocial environment †an soulfulness’s prime(prenominal) and peer pressure of ‘friends’ e.g. doing drugs may be forced by peers. Home, lifestyle, nutrition and income all affect health also. Concepts of healthPersonal responsibility †if you clench yourself clean and tidy (covering up cuts) thence you minimize the risk of infection. If you do custom and eat good food you produce up your immune system. Health as the absence of illness †if you remain in a healthy state then it’s unlikely for you to become ill. tout ensemble of these affect a individual’s health.Concepts of ill-health Ill health as a disease †if a disease buttocks be cured it can only when be do by euphony or treatment Ill health as a disorder †a disorder can be interact sometimes and can be done by changing your lifestyle or with help from medicine or treatment.Definitions of stultification Impairment = a want or abnormality of physical bodily social organisation or function, of logic-psychic origin, or physiological or anatomical origin Disability = each limitation or function loss deriving from impairment that prevents the performance of an action at law in the time-lapse considered normal for a humankind being Handicap = the disadvantaged check into deriving from impairment or impediment limiting a person do a role considered normal in respect of their age, sex and social and ethnical factors The medical model sees a person’s impairment as the cause of disability. The person with a disability to adapt to society instead of society adapting to them. Socio-medical modelRecognises cerebrate between social life and the body. The social model is based on the expound that people are not incapacitate because of illness or impairment. Instead, they are incapacitate because of how society is constructed.MEDICAL posture SOCIAL MODEL Disability is a deficiency or abnormality. D isability is a difference. Being alter is negative. Being disabled, in itself, is neutral. Disability resides in the individual.Disability derives from interaction between the individual and society. The palliate for disability-related problems is cure or normalization of the individual. The touch on for disability-related problems are a change in the interaction between the individual and society. The agent of remedy is the professional.The agent of remedy can be the individual, an advocate, or anyone who affects the arrangements between the individual and society. Even though people who have disabilities are very different, we are all different ages, races, and different kinds of disabilities, we still lot a lot of things in popular †such as a everyday history and common accepts of being discriminated against (being tempered different because of our disability). MedicalisationTendency of normal life stages, experience and events as needing medical intervention because they are seen to be risky and problematic. Clinical iceberg lettuce †medical issues, the amount recognised etc. is just like the tip of an ice berg\r\n'

'Global Staffing Strategies and Starbucks Essay\r'

'Starbucks bow window (Starbucks) is a specialty chocolate retailer of thermal and cold bever seasons, coffee-related accessories, complementary food items, teas, and sore(prenominal) non-food related products. Starbucks has retail stores in 39 countries and vigorous-nigh 146,000 employees. The comp either operates primarily in the United States (U.S.) with headquarters in Seattle, cap (Starbucks, 2007).\r\nIn the early 1970s, Starbucks was established and the first- pattern honours degree location was in Seattle’s withway Place market in 1971. By 1982, Starbucks began supplying coffee to restaurants and coffee shops. Starbucks grow the business in 1996 to new locations in Japan, Hawaii, and Singapore. Other locations in Taiwan, New Zealand, Thailand, and Malaysia were created in 1998. Starbucks broadend to expand globosel(a)y in 1999, by reaching locations in China, Korea, Kuwait, and Lebanon (Starbucks, 2007).\r\nIn a hypothetical situation, Starbucks pull up stakes pull ahead a similar business in Mexico. The bon ton get out explore locations in spite of appearance Mexico and identify the serviceman election (HR) challenges that de leave-taking arise from this expansion. Mexico has unique cultural and regulative factors that need consideration for the development of Starbucks stores. The judicature’s effectiveness to succeed in Mexico is dependent upon solving any issues that way out from the growth of Starbucks in a new country.\r\nStarbucks impart address recruitment and filling practices to use in the newly acquired participation. other HR decision is determining the grant swaggerture of expatriates and nationals to im date the acquisition is masteryful. The dexterity and abilities of employees, on with cooking and development practices, argon an essential part of the society’s organizational strategy to action goals. The HR department of Starbucks has a commodious meat of research and decisi on making to reassure this acquisition successful.\r\nMexico’s DemographicMexico is prep atomic number 18d to conk out the wealthiest country in Latin the Statesn between 2008 and 2010 in basic coarse domestic product (GDP). The middle class is expanding with utilisation growth and rising incomes. Mexico has the twinkling highest population in Latin America afterwards Brazil. The population is young, with the average age of 27.5 years in 2006 ( unsophisticated Insight, 2007). A heap in 2006 found, in the United States, that 30% of new nodes ar college graduates and the average age of a new Starbucks customer is 42 (Harris, 2006). Retail come outors great deal Mexico as a major attraction because of the large coat of the Mexi rouse market (Country Insight, 2007).\r\nTourism in Mexico plays an important role in the economy. former(prenominal) presidential elections and hurri idleres accommodate steadily declined tourism, provided latest indications show that th e industry is selling toward higher-end tourists who argon go forthing to spend more than (Country Insight, 2007). The increase in tourism with high-end vacationers result produce a good market for Starbucks.\r\nHuman Re informant ChallengesUnder the Mexican fag out laws, an employee’s daily minimum absorb moldiness be at least(prenominal) U.S. $4.50, and implys minimum statutory fringe benefits. echtly few Mexican residents receive this deplorable minimum daily prosecute. The fringe benefits include yearbook vacation compensation of at least six working long time at 125% of the net, an annual inducement of at least 15 age of profits, a profit sharing weapons platform that equals 10% of pre-tax earnings distributed among all employees take away high officers, and variable net profitmentroll contributions for kindly Security and worker’s housing. brotherly Security contributions can be as high as 22.57% of the payroll salary. worker’s ho using contributions ar 5% of the payroll salary (Abogados, 2008).\r\nThe basis for shift salarys for going cases is the actual daily salary of the employee. Salary can consist of any type of bonus, commissions, and any other remuneration that provides extra economic benefit and whitethorn include cars or club fees. To bode the severance compensation, divide the total of all these services in the last calendar year by 365 or the actual period worked in the year. Severance payments are also dependent upon the type of solvent (Abogados, 2008).\r\nThe three types of exhalation are cons reproduction with clean-living cause, termination without comme il faut cause, and termination by rough-cut agreement. boundary without fair cause allows the employee to collect three calendar month’s salary, 20 days of additive salary for each year of ex adenosine monophosphatele, a seniority premium equal to 12 days for any year of trade, prorated vacation, annual bonus, and p rofit sharing for the year of termination. These additional salary implorements continue to accrue after the date of termination until the date of payment. Termination with fair cause permits the employee to many of the same benefits except the three’s months salary and additional 20 days. Employees generally do not consent to a mutual agreement unless termination compensation exists. This payment usually equals less than the termination without fair cause (Abogados, 2008).\r\nMany of the employment laws in Mexico are similar to the United States. The justly to form unions, the right to worker’s compensation, the right to safety, the right to be light from forced churn, and the right to be alleviate from discrimination. Mexicans must consist of at least 90% of the employees in a Mexican company. gibe to the Commission for savvy Cooperation (n.d.), the just about important Mexican labor and employment law to realize is â€Å"there is a single court in every st ate that deals with to the highest degree labor and employment disputes, including collective labor relations, unjustified terminations, disputes about whether an on-the-job injury occurred, and equal pay conundrums”(p. 1).\r\nIn Mexico, to discriminate against workers because of sex, their s head-disposed spatial relation, governmental opinion, disability, ethnicity, national origin, or age, as well as other grounds, is il sanctioned. Overtime pay in Mexico must equal doubly the amount of regular wages (Commission for Labor Cooperation, n.d.). In 2007 and 2008, the government is pushing for a new labor market wag to reduce the strictness in employment legislation. Congress must bring forth a two-thirds vote to pass this bill and that volition be complicated. Shortages of skills remain an issue in Mexico (EIU Viewswire, 2006).\r\n totally the regulations in Mexico that differ from those in the United States ordain present challenges for Starbucks. Hiring a consultin g firm or a collection of attorneys who are well versed in the Mexican labor and employment laws provide aid Starbucks in escorting and translation these laws. Going global can be risky if performed improperly and leaves no live for wrong interpretations of the laws and regulations. mind the daily wage versus an hourly wage, discrimination policies, along with the termination packages can affect the profits of Starbucks immensely.\r\nStarbucks must evaluate the turnover, labor, and skills availability in the Mexican market. The need for multilingual employees is a need to serve the members of the community and the tourists. Scarcity of workers who turn to English is a common problem for investors. Mexico, a country much ridiculed from those comminuted of the United States trade agreement because of its light labor costs, has observed companies adjust investment decisions. Skilled labor is an issue receiving more attention as companies seek low-cost sourcing programs and w orkers with a high competency in English (Jackson, Houdard, & Highfield, 2008).\r\nAs Starbucks and other companies look to venture into Mexico, the need to understand cultural remainders and to study different instruction practices proves critical. Attention to kind-hearted resourcefulness direction is inevitable when making strategic choices in the various business avenues available in Mexico. Researchers believe that most companies do not give enough attention to human resource issues. To maximize performance issues much(prenominal) as recruiting, endurance, training, compensation, and performance management that require thorough planning and organizing human resources, strategic management is a requirement.\r\nUnderstanding these human resources issues contributes to employee motivation, performance, satisfaction, and empowerment. These factors are critical aspects to an organization’s effectiveness. The common personnel department problems that companies en counter are in the areas of loyalty, staffing, decision-making, promotions, compensation, and performance management. Human resource management practices can be the most challenging undertaking for companies, especially when discussion cultural changes (Rao, 2001).\r\nMexicans view junction ventures as an opportunity to increase their economic status and as a career opportunity. As more companies move to Mexico, U.S. practices are nice more acceptable. The suppositions of quality circles, flat organizations, teamwork, pay-for-performance, and a careful selection process are more customary. In Mexico, the cultural view of work and personal life activities intermingles. Because of this attribute, hiring and recruiting mix both(prenominal) personal and work activities (Rao, 2001).\r\n usually multiple interviews for managerial level positions are performed in an effort to select a candidate who demonstrates a good fit. Hiring strung-out personnel with joint ventures will achieve the company’s objectives. Developing a strategic recruitment practice to show a qualified labor source to ensure effective employee selection is recommended. Employees with decent technical, organizational, and social skills should be selected. Bilingual skills are very important in the selection process. Social referrals are widely apply in Mexico in the selection process.\r\nAccording to Rao (2001),Social referrals are used. However, the security are looked at only as a courtesy. The credentials are not looked at close enough. I specifically know a couple of social referrals, known to the stop number hierarchy, who did not perform up to the company standards. These employees had to be removed, taking care, that no disruptions were caused in the social hierarchy. Social referrals are both good and bad. On the positive side, employees are sometimes the best recruiters (p. 16).\r\nMexicans have a strong sense of loyalty toward their bosses. The idea of corporate loyalty is not part of the culture. This results in high employee turnover. To increase organizational loyalty, frequently conducting company-oriented training sessions assists in conquer this issue. The training sessions help develop and bang up a sense of commitment, loyalty, and understanding of the company. druthers programs should provide information on the company’s mission, goals, and strategies that provide the employees with opportunities for socialization, which is valued, by the Mexican employees.\r\nRao (2001) states that U.S. companies usually placed low speech pattern on such(prenominal) training programs and invest little. Both U.S. and Mexican companies consider training costly, but many joint ventures have found training programs to have considerable benefits. Ford’s executives believe the joint venture with the Hermosillo plant in Mexico concerning the training and development programs are the main reasons for change magnitude commitment, satisfaction, a nd a reduction in employee turnover. outset with selection and all the way through retention practices, human resource policies can influence employee satisfaction and motivation and because the performance of the organization (Rao, 2001).\r\nBased on the research of human resource practices and polices in Mexico, the recruitment and selection process can be based on social referrals. Using the existing employees acquired through the obtain of a similar company, Starbucks will continue using the social referral policy. At least two expatriates with Spanish speaking abilities will be sent to each Starbuck’s coffee shop to oversee the transition. This will allow coverage for all shifts. All other employees will be nationals. An estimation of skills necessary for the positions will completed to ensure all skills are identified.\r\nGoldstein’s model, which consists of the estimate phase, the training and development phase, and the evaluation phase, will be used (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). The employee skills necessary will be bilingual, with good interpersonal and communication skills. The employees must possess a cheerful attitude. The ability to read and travel along directions in making different items on the menu is another necessity. Establishing relationships with local colleges will prove beneficial in hiring personnel with these abilities in conjunction with the social referral method. nurture sessions on the procedures will be offered with face-to-face, active sessions.\r\nIn scrutiniseing the effectiveness of the human resource management, the collection of data will be performed. The data will include hiring statistics such as the acceptance rate, hiring rate, and hiring projections, turnover ratios, exit interviews, employee complaints, and the human resource budgets and expenditures. The level of complaints will consist of, but not limit to, discrimination, harassment, and safety. Another method for auditing will be internal interviews asking what are the perceptions of the company and its goals, the strengths and weaknesses of management, the relations with coworkers, what HR functions work well and what needs improvement, and any other issues the employees cares to discuss. guest satisfaction cards will be available at all Starbucks locations to obtain results concerning customer service. A legal audit of personnel files and recordkeeping, pay equity, job descriptions, legal postings, Equal Employment Opportunity, Affirmative Action, thespian’s Compensation, and other Mexican legislative body is a requirement.\r\nConclusion\r\nAs Starbucks moves into Mexico with the juvenile acquisition, many human resource management obstacles will be observed. Understanding the difference legislation Mexico has compared to the United States will be a large undertaking. Complying with these laws darn beingness fat, will determine the market prices for the coffee products. Reducing turnover, hiring the r ight people, offering a high-level of training and development is a critical factor for Starbucks. Understanding the culture, along with the skills and abilities necessary to provide excellent customer service will determine the success of the company. Audit results will provide the HR department with information to improve the process.\r\nIf Starbucks follows the guidelines of Mexico, while instilling U.S. policies, a successful and profitable business should develop. Working in a foreign country can be successful or a failure. Understanding the culture and values of the country, as well as the people, will provide opportunities for Starbucks, the Mexican government and the Mexican people.\r\nReferences\r\nAbogados, V. (2008). Mexican labor relationships. Retrieved , from http://www.solutionsabroad.comCommission for Labor Cooperation. (n.d.). Foreign Worker’s Guide to Labor and Employment Laws. Retrieved , from http://www.naalc.orgDreher, G. & Dougherty, T.W. (2001). Hum an Resource Strategy. [University of Phoenix custom-made Edition e-text]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved , from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MMPBL530-Human Capital training Web site.\r\nHarris, C. (2006). Starbucks wants to open 40,000 new stores. Seattlepi. Retrieved , from http://seattlepi.nwsource.comJackson, M., Houdard, F., & Highfield, M. (2008). Room to grow: business location, global expansion and resource deficits. Journal of line of business Strategy 29(1), p. 34-39. Retrieved , from EIU Newswire database.\r\nMexico an expanding consumer market. (2007). Retrieved , from Country Insight\r\ndatabase.\r\nMexico: worry environment at a glance. (2006). Country overview. Retrieved from EIU Viewswire database.\r\nRao, P. (2001). Human resource issues: US-Mexico joint ventures. Retrieved , from http://www.usmcoc.orgStarbucks. (2007). Starbucks Corporation overview. Retrieved , from MarketLine Business Information Center database.\r\n'

'Armani\r'

'ARMANI INTRODUCTION: Giorgio Armani, 74, is the chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Armani Group and sole sh be holder of Giorgio Armani, one of the origination’s leading carriage and lifestyle design ho customs, with 5,000 use up employees, 13 f moveories, and a direct network of viosterol exclusive sell stores in 46 countries worldwide. to a lower place(a) Mr. Armani’s direction, Giorgio Armani, today stands as one of the a couple of(prenominal) remaining independent, privately-owned companies in its sector, with a proven billet strategy that has outstandingised on the worldwide power and potence of the Armani dent name.\r\nBorn on July 11, 1934, Giorgio Armani grew up with his sister and br different in the northern Italian townspeople of Piacenza. In 1957, following two days of instruct in medicine at the University of Piacenza, Giorgio Armani decided to give up in order to pursue his interest in fashion, accepting a job as a merchandiser a t Milan’s well-known section store, La Rinascente. Thereafter, Mr. Armani worked as a fashion room decorator for Nino Cerruti, and then as a freelance actor for unlike companies, an experience that resulted in an exceptionally copious and varied evolution of his style.\r\nAfter several years of working as a freelance designer, Mr. Armani was develop to devote his energy to his own label and followed his fellow Sergio Galeotti’s suggestion that they open a telephoner to crushher. On July 24, 1975, the two job fellows founded Giorgio Armani S. p. A. and launched a custody’s and wo workforce’s ready-to- hold out line. There ar some(prenominal) produces under the name of Armani such(prenominal) as Giorgio Armani, Giorgio Armani Prive, Armani Collezioni, Emporio Armani, AJ | Armani Jeans, A/X Armani Exchange, Armani Teen, Armani minor(postnominal), Armani Baby, and Armani Casa home interiors, offering a choice of lifestyles to the marketplace.\r\n In beginning the productions were change under the name of Giorgio Armani i. e. (GA) and later on the company diversify it agate line in Armani Jeans, Emporio Armani. The company’s product be adrift includes women’s and men’s article of clothing, place and Bags, Watches, Eyewear, Jewellery, Fragrances and Cosmetics, Home Furnishings, Cell Phones. The Armani Group now in like manner come with the Armani Hotels and Resorts under an agreement with Emaar Properties in may 2005. Recently Armani is also sponsoring for England Football team with their sports and routine trick outes which is also a part of their marketing.\r\nSWOT analytic thinking OF ARMANI Strengths: ?Topmost grass in the fashion sedulousness ?Range of products argon interchange under the brand name which has been effectd over the years ? Commitment to customer satisfaction and comfort. Weakness: ?Price is on the naughtyer(prenominal) side which caters only to the elite class. ?They a rgon losing customers who are charge conscious and opt for the competitors products Opportunities: ?A huge part of the Asian continent where Armani can track into. ?Brand name stoold can be utilize to diversify into different sectors of headache one of such initiative taken is to enter the hospitality industry.\r\nThreats: ? main course barriers in certain countries prepare stopped Armani from enter into a potential market which can act as cash cows for the company. ?Competitors like FCUK, Christian Dior, Diesel, Gucci etc are entering the fashion market in a great way. MARKETING MIX crossing: Product is anything that can be offered to market for attention, acquisition, use or con lendption that can satisfy wants or needs. Armani is one of the well known brands in the world with various products under its name. Different products are sold under different name.\r\nBecause of the high earnings from Clothing sector (i. e. STAR) it has become possible for them to invest capital in different sectors. The group has such high standard brand name that all products in which ever they own invested fork out proved Stars for them. The federation now produces not only clothes blamelessly shoes, sunglasses, under garments, separate accessories etc. And recently they have also signed agreement with Emaar properties for Armani Hotels & Resorts and their 1st hotel exit be available for familiar from year 2009 in Dubai and almost all the rooms are book till May 2010.\r\nThe current name and fame for brand was possible only because of Giorgio Armani marketing and onward motional strategy. equipment casualty Price is the amount money charged o the product or service or the sum of values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service. Armani has always catered to high class consumers who are fashion savvy. Their price area has always been on the higher side creating a niche in the fashion industry. They have not compromis ed on the price in their business tenure and always have been a status symbol for the consumers using them dwelling house\r\nIt is a network made up of the company, supplier, distri exceptors and customers who â€Å"partner” with each other to improve the performance of the entire system. Armani has concentrated on its channel partners to sell their products. They have their stores in almost all the major obtain malls across in to a greater extent than 46 countries. publicity Promotional Mix is one of the activities to lift the goods in the market and attracting the customers to deal his brand products. The key functions of promotion of goods is through Advertising, sales promotion, Visual merchandising, Public relations.\r\nArmani adopted various strategies to annoy his brand famous. In 1980’s in that location was sudden change in fashion industry. The demand for fashionable goods was high. And this was the time when this brand came into reality with various varieties of products. Armani employ the reputed personalities or super stars and baby-sit to promote his goods. He made promotional schemes offers to get his products well known. Armani also arranged campaigns to promote his products and make it well known in peoples eyes. Advertising: Giorgio Armani uses the cognitive consistency approach to its advertising.\r\nThe idea that things should be dewy-eyed and consistent is the reasoning behind this theory. The need for self-importance Gratification comes out in the advertisement †where it is say at consumers whom have the need to go beyond a high self-worth and into the highest form of egocentrism. Additionally, the need for a Sense of Power comes through in the mental imagery used and the rough looking style of the product. The gumption of mysteriousness can be associated with power. Armani deeply concentrated on the Advertising media for his brand promotion. He kept on giving ads in Newspapers, Television, Radio, Magazine s etc.\r\nThis is done to create awareness about their new range of products that are launched in the market. He used Superstars like David & capital of Seychelles Beckham, Tom Cruise have been roped in to promote his brands. Sales Promotion: Armani also used Sales promotion strategy; they gave huge discounts on their products the goods were sold at lower rates. Offers like buy 1 get 1 free. Lucky Draw system. E. g. If you buy for more than ? 200 you can meet your dearie celebrities or free trips, because of which customers were attracted more. Public Relations:\r\nPublic relation is concerned with company’s various publics by obtaining favourable publicity building up a good corporate image and intervention and heading off unfavourable rumours, stories and fifty-fiftyts. Giorgio Armani is going to dress the England football team. The prominent designer was picked for the job by team captain David Beckham and coach Sven-Goran Eriksson. Armani is going to create two se parate outfits each †one formal, the other smart-casual †for the squad of 26. The outfits cost GBP 3,500 for each player but Armani go out reportedly do it for free as he will benefit from the publicity.\r\nDirect marketing Direct marketing is direct communications with conservatively targeted individual customers to both obtain and immediate repartee and cultivate lasting customer relationship. Armani promotes its products online and you can even buy various products through the internet. You can buy the products from anywhere in the world and the products are delivered at your doorstep. This helps in belongings contact with their loyal consumers. individual(prenominal) Selling This is the personal presentation by the watertight’s sales force for the purpose of do sales and building customer relationship.\r\nPersonal selling comes in form of Fashion shows to Armani where a range of their products is displayed and sold. BCG Matrix for Armani Armani falls in to the STAR mob of the BCG Matrix. oer a period of time Armani enjoys high offshoot and high market share. Being in this category they can invest their profits generated into their subsidiary business units who are the cash cows. The best example would be Armani venturing into the hospitality industry and coming up with a hotel and simply the hotel being booked till 2010. contestation:\r\nThough Armani has established itself into the fashion world and other range of products sold under their brand name, there is a lot of competition coming up. cut Connection, Gucci, Christian Dior are storming the market with different range of products with variety of price range. With the current economic crisis, retail outlets like Marks & Spencers, Debenhams are offering their products at a discount as never seen before. Armani will have to review their strategy, to maintain their competitive prefer over the competitors. CONCLUSION\r\nToday as Armani business is spread all over the wor ld it is diversifying its business in different sectors also. There are many promotions made by Armani today like seasonal goods to attract new customers and old customers in both seasonal change. Gifts for small children on purchasing of Armani Junior are specially produced for them. Variety of clothes for men’s and women’s with new latest designs. boilers suit the image of luxury of the brand is maintained and becomes more persuasive by using language, which promotes feelings and emotions of masculinity and mysteriousness.\r\nThe color in of the advertisements already do an excellent job of keeping mystery in the minds of the readers by using blacken/white photos and rich, and bold colors. Reasoning from comparison is used throughout these advertisements. The message is: if you use our products or wear our clothing, you will be popular, beautiful, successful, etc. http://ezinearticles. com/? Giorgio-Armani:-A- glib-tongued-Campaign&id=24792 Giorgio Armani: A Persuasive Campaign By Scott Fish\r\n'

'First Reflective Journal of My First Clinical Experience Essay\r'

'This journal reflects my first gear clinical experience at the Was female genitalsa Rehabilitation Centre. The experience has made me re-examine and break down a lot about my path towards stretchiness my goal and becoming an RN. I felt that creation able to touch and feel the working surround is extremely important for a rising keep back and indeed for any health care provider. real life experience is so important in learning.\r\nAt first I was nervous, not notwithstanding to say scared but I be my self curious to contend what the clinical compass would be ilk, how it would feel caring for someone unfamiliar. My nerves quickly disappeared . I was touched and inspired to suffer how caring my ” buddy mate” was to the residents of Wascana Rehab. There was no one who seemed strange to her, she shared her love as with everyone. She cared for them like they were all special to her. I was so amazed to see how much a for a stranger.\r\nShe made each and every resid ent feels like she was there for them to and not just doing her job. I thusly realized that no one can be strange if we see them with a human affectionateness and welcome them with an open heart and loving manner, respecting them for who they are. In my childhood I heard about a godmother coming to the world, spreading her love to everyone and making differences in people’s life. Oh yes, I now know I can be that person who can make differences in people’s lives.\r\nWhat is nighâ€-In my next clinical session i m hoping to apply everything that I learned on The first day and will try my best to advance explore what can I learn to dish up me to build a strong foundation for my future dream career as a nurse.\r\n'

'Human Resources Function In Pizza Express Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\n pizza pie persuade is a public limited corporation (PLC), which was established in 1965. It has 350 restaurants in the UK and between twenty to thirty international franchises in countries same France, Egypt, Spain and coal scuttle soon in the Philippines and it has in each case expanded by 40% in recent days. It’s a restaurant in different countries, which provides food, and drink run to the customers. The guild has different range of employees, 39 in total including cleaners, chefs, waiters and waitresses, supervisors and knowrs.\r\nRole of human resources\r\nThe government activity has ii human resources namely the chief(prenominal) HR cognize as the headquarters and the local anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic HR’s.\r\nThe local HR regains the lasters by advertisement in the media later on which they aspire the selected champions to truly high standards so that they extradite high quality services to the customers. This cre ates a well-grounded repetition for the caller-up so they receive much(prenominal) customers thitherfore increasing dough too. Training the players on how to use the equipment in like manner table services the high society in a r bring tabue that they al unhopeful for live fewer or no cl heraldic bearings for dam come ons in case of accidents. The local HR’s in like manner call for prohibited transfers with other restaurants of the organisation, which helps them maintain the well-grounded sounders.\r\nThis nates withal be a guidance of life of practising flexible on the mull(p) conditions for their mental faculty. In case of every member of stave acting against the organisations rules, the local HR’s make to discipline him/her so that they give the gate diverge and if they transgress they lose the melodic phrase. This helps the companionship dismiss bad members of cater who crumb cause trouble or dismantle pass on their bad behaviour s to new en callees. Lastly, the local HR’s act as the vocalisation for the workers i.e. they raise any problems that the work blackmail might be experiencing so that they can be solved. This creates a honest proportionship between the workers and the attention, which is a precise eventful thing if they be to work as a team to deliver good services to the customers.\r\nThe main HR i.e. the headquarters carries by the more tangled tasks of the organisation. It reviews the push back dollar volume and predicts what staff the company pass on have to recruit and during what clip they depart have to. It sets the pay yards and increases in the organisation which is a very critical thing when carrying out the company’s bud clear because they don’t expect to pay out much or less(prenominal) solely just the dear amount to their staff.\r\nIt likewise recruits it’s have got staff and management and train them. It has to be very c atomic number 18 ful when doing this because it has to makes to sure it accomplishs the right masses who leave al iodine be able to manage the local HR’s or else on that point ordain be poor management which can lead to serious problems in organisations. Lastly, it makes the rules and procedures that have to be followed in the organisation. This is very important because it lets the workers know what they can do and can not when on the company’s premises and to a fault for any organisation to run properly and smoothly, t here(predicate) must be rules and regulations in outer space to be followed.\r\nE2\r\nStaff drive circuitover\r\nThe staff / labor turnover for the capital of Jamaica fork was not known because they had just exposed but for the old branch, they had 50 population expiration with an approximation of 25 staff which path the turnover was 200%. This is in the first place because the workers tend to transfer with their managers when they change branches, which happened last year.\r\nFrom the research that I carried out, these were my becomeings\r\ncapital of Jamaica push MARKET (2001-02)\r\nAged 16 and over\r\neconomically active\r\nIn participation\r\nAll\r\n124000\r\n85000\r\n81000\r\n antheral\r\n63000\r\n48000\r\n46000\r\nFemale\r\n61000\r\n37000\r\n34000\r\nWORKING advance (16-59/64) 2001-2002 IN KINGSTON\r\nWorking age (16-59/64)\r\nEconomically active\r\nIn interlocking\r\nAll\r\n102000\r\n83000\r\n80000\r\nMale\r\n55000\r\n48000\r\n46000\r\nFemale\r\n48000\r\n36000\r\n33000\r\nAGE BREAKDOWN (full and crock up-time employment) 2001-02\r\nAll\r\nFull-time\r\n temporary\r\n16-19\r\n*\r\n*\r\n*\r\n20-24\r\n11000\r\n8000\r\n*\r\n25-49\r\n53000\r\n45000\r\n8000\r\n50+\r\n14000\r\n10000\r\n4000\r\nSource: www.statistics.gov.uk\r\nKEY\r\n* type size too small for reliable venture\r\nPay and hours worked\r\nThe chefs in the new capital of Jamaica branch get a maximum of �8.50 an hour if they argon of grade four and those on lower grades 1-4 get a maximum of �6. The waiters get �4.20 an hour with tips as well and cleaners get �5-6 an hour. They all get double pay on bank holidays and they work a maximum of 48 hrs a calve from case time workers who usually have 3-4 shifts a hebdomad with no set minimum hours of functional(a).\r\nProductivity\r\nThe mortalal line of credites productiveness depends on how many customers they get i.e. if they develop more if there be many customers to be served and they produce little if there atomic number 18 hardly any customers to be served. Generally, they measure productivity by the add up times for qualification items. The more items they make, the more profits they get and the fewer items they make, the less profits they get.\r\nFulltime/part time works\r\nFor the particular branch in Rotunda, there argon terce fulltime workers and twenty part time workers.\r\nChanges in working practices\r\nThe company to a fault tries to please its workers by changing their working practices. This is carried out by exchanging staff with other restaurants since it’s a super company. This helps them get experience in working in different atomic number 18as and conditions, encouraging more sophisticated training so that they get promoted which again makes workers live that their effort is beingness appreciated by the management and last self-aggrandising them flexible working hours so that they don’t feel that they are being over worked or exploited.\r\nCompany use of the development\r\nThe company might have employ this schooling when planning its human resources in a way that when you look at the labour market, there are more people economically active and in this particular area there is relatively low unemployment. This means that they will denudation it difficult to recruit new staff and it can be very costly in a sense that to take out possible workers, they will have to advertise th emselves more, they may have to pay more return or invest more in training. They may in any case have to design development programmes so that voltage employees design there are promotion prospects in the organisation therefore making them feel regarding to join the company.\r\nBy similarly spirit at their labour turnover which is very high, they might neediness to try and mention out why many people are leaving. This can help them assure the reasons why the workers are leaving and find solutions to them which means they will keep their staff longer. Still looking at their own labour turnover, they can overly find out the skill that people who are leaving had and recruit people with the same ones which decreases the compute of training.\r\nSince their work force is in the mid 20’s and close toly part time, they can specify to recruit more people between the age of 25-49 because those between 20-24 working part time are very small size of the population.\r\nWhe n planning its productivity, the company can decide to recruit more people and give them intensive training to become professionals which excessively increases efficiency.\r\nC1\r\nAnalysis of external labour market\r\nTo shape to it my labour market further, I compared it with that of Richmond, London, & adenosine monophosphate; UK with also last year’s trends and these were the results.\r\nThe working-age employment rate in London, capital of Jamaica, Richmond & UK\r\n(March 2000-2001 and Feb 2001-2002)\r\nArea\r\n role of population\r\n2000-2001 2001-2002\r\nRichmond\r\n84.5%\r\n80.8%\r\nLondon\r\n70.2%\r\n70.4%\r\ncapital of Jamaica\r\n76.4%\r\n78%\r\nUK\r\n74.1%\r\n74.4%\r\nFrom the results above, we see that Richmond had the highest working age employment rate which was 80.8% followed by capital of Jamaica which was 78% hence UK with 74.4% and lastly London which was 70.4%. Looking at the trends, we see that Richmond’s working age employment has departe d down by 3.7%, London’s has only gone up by 0.2%, Kingston’s has gone up by 1.6% and lastly UK as a whole has just gone up by 0.3%. With this breeding, Pizza prove can decide to recruit workers from London since it has the least working age employment so they will find it easier to recruit people but consequently it will have to increase spending on direct if the workers are not willing to spend their own money and if they are willing to, Pizza Express will have to pay them high recompense so that they can afford the cost. Advertising costs will also go up because they will have to advertise in the media other than on their windows because they are toil approximately to recruit people in a totally different area.\r\nGraph viewing working age employment rate in London, Kingston, Richmond and UK (2001-02)\r\nEconomic activity rate by sex (working age 16-59/64) in Kingston & Richmond\r\n(March 2000-2001 & February2001- 2002)\r\nArea\r\n% no(prenominal) of males\r\n% No. of females\r\n2000-2001\r\n2001-2002\r\n2000-2001\r\n2001-2002\r\nRichmond\r\n93.7\r\n89.0\r\n80.5\r\n76.5\r\nKingston\r\n87.6\r\n87.4\r\n70.1\r\n75.0\r\nFrom the knowledge above we see that there were a higher(prenominal) number of males in economical activity in Richmond than Kingston with a loss of 1.6%. With the females, the number was still higher in Richmond than Kingston with a difference of 1.5%. Comparing the servings with last years, Kingston had a very little difference in 2000-2001 than in 2001-2002 of males in economical activity which was only 0.2%. For the females in Kingston, the percentage number went up from 70.1% in 2000-2001 to 75.0% in 2001-2002, a difference of 4.9%.\r\nThe higher the economic activity rate, the bust so when you look at the figures, Richmond’s economic activity rate is high but it keeps expiry down within the two years so it can be risky blow their money to advertise in the area spot in Kingston, though the figures are low, they keep going up within the two years so it can be safer to carry out their advertising campaigns in the area if they are sure they will keep going up.\r\nEconomic activity rate of males in Richmond and Kingston (2001-02)\r\nInternal staffing teaching\r\nFor the Kingston branch, the company had 20 staff and three of them working part time. Most of them are mainly in their mid 20’s though they have no age restrictions at speed end of age band. Most of them are students or local people of the area they are placed in.\r\nSince the company has just opened, it has recruited all its work force but in the future as the business expands, they may need more staff.\r\nInterpretation of labour market in rollation\r\nWhen we look at the labour market in inningation, we see that Richmond is doing better than Kingston economically. there are more people working in Richmond which means that there are more jobs than in Kingston. This might affect the company in a way that they will find it more favourable to recruit people from Kingston than in Richmond because the labour force will be relatively cheaper. They will also find it hard to recruit people from Richmond because most of them have got jobs and if any, they might want high wages because there is less competition. With the point that they are also located in Kingston, they may want to recruit the workers from there because costs such as stockpile and advertising will be low.\r\nE3\r\nRecruitment and excerption\r\nThe main paperss use when recruiting staff are the staff practical application form which is utilise to get elaborate of appliers like their address, date of birth e.t.c. Gathering this information is very crucial because the company can ceaselessly keep in touch with the applicants, know of any disabilities they have if any and also get information close their qualifications. The second document is the job advert. This is a promotional document of the company attracting the app licants to defy. It dialogue more or less the skills needed so the applicants can only apply if they got them therefore saving the company time in sorting out the people with the right skills. It’s made up very carefully with pictures making it very appealing. Basically it’s a form of advertising job vacancies in the company in an scant(p) and attractive way.\r\nLastly, the job description is also handed out to the applicants. This describes what they are expected to do if successful in getting the job. It shows what the job is close to in more detail. First, it talks most the aim of the job accordingly the workers responsibilities, what authority is to be held and lastly the standards of performance expected.\r\nEffectiveness of documents\r\n1. Job description\r\nThe job description is effective in a way that it’s lay out is round-eyed and easy to understand. On top is the pizza express logo and pictures to attract the reader. It clearly shows that the descriptions are for waiters/waitresses so they there is no chance of a worker in a different field mistaking it to be meant for them. It clearly outlines the aim of the job in relation to maintaining the company’s standards. Second, it talks about the responsibilities that the worker has when doing the job. Too much text is used here but there seems to be only one strange word, â€Å"Adherence”. This means that verbiage used is quite easy to understand for the reader. Next, it also talks about the responsibilities the applicant will have to carry out if successful and less text is used here so there is less hassle in understanding the point they are trying to bring across. Lastly, it shows the standards of performance. All the major headings are create verbally out in bold letters and also underlined to make them stand out.\r\n2. Application form\r\nThe application form is also a very luxuriant document. It has got a heading on top in bold letters to show what it is, with a pizza express logo which is also a way of promoting the company and showing its loyalty. It’s designed in a simple way asking for relevant information from the applicants. It has got boxes in which they can fill in the information they are being asked. The company tries to deflect collecting irrelevant information by giving them choices in some of the questions where they can only break up yes or no e.g. have you worked for Pizza Express before: Yes ? No ?. It also helps the applicants understand the questions easily. or so questions require a lot of detail and the form provides enough space for the answers like in one question which asks if the applicant is disabled and if their answer is yes, it provides more space to give the details of their disability fully. Lastly, it is typed out on white paper with blue colourings nearly it to make it more attractive. Generally, no complex language has been used. Everything is simple and straight forward.\r\n3. Job adver t\r\n standardized all the other documents, the job advert is also laid out in a simple way and easy to understand. It is explaining how it is like to work in pizza express by posing questions then giving all the possible answers which are of track attracting the reader to apply. It also talks about the roles and explaining some of the complex words like â€Å"remuneration”. The salaries of the adjuvant manager and restaurant manager are also shown. This is also done to attract people so that they apply. It has got pictures about a man who has been successful. This shows the chances of success that the applicants are likely to have if they apply. Lastly, it has got detailed information about how you can get in touch with them like telephone numbers and e-mail addresses.\r\nStages in choice a vacancy\r\nFLOW CHART\r\nThere are various stages involved in pickaxe a vacancy. First, the job vacancy is identified and then a job description is written up. This is the document de scribing what the job is about and what it requires the person to do. A person specification is also written out describing what the qualities and qualifications the applicant should have then an appropriate advertising forte is elect e.g. newspaper e.t.c. The type of medium chosen depends on the size of the company, what type of job is being advertised or even the current fiscal status of the company. Next, you send out application forms to the people who have replied to the adverts so that they can fill them in after which they send them back and you little list them to get the right ones.\r\nThere are crucial things that should be considered when carrying out the short listing litigate like not discriminating people on grounds of their sex, race or ethnicity. After short listing them out, you arrange interviews for the selected ones where you set the date and time to meet. This can give the interviewer time to make up the questions to be asked and the common ones are normally about the candidates work experience history, why they have utilize for the job, what makes them think they will be good at, how they will travel everyday if successful e.t.c.\r\nThis is a good process because you get to see and speak to the candidates and prise how they express themselves, test their communication skills, understand how they get on with other people and also check their behaviour i.e. if they are polite e.t.c. you might want to carry out other assessments like work sampling or testing then job offer references are made up.\r\nCopies of acceptance and turn downs are sent out to the applicants and the successful ones are given a contract and after their institution they start their job with some training. This is the form of help given to them to get used to the work place and equipment they have to use, know better how the job is carried out in the company and also get used to the old staff. This helps them develop more understanding of the company’s cult ures working practices which leads them to becoming professional staff and if very hard working, they can end up getting promotions.\r\nConclusion\r\nBased on my findings, I conclude that pizza express is doing well with the fact its expanding in other countries which means that it has a big market, a very crucial part in business developments.\r\n'

'Parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Essay\r'

'How far would you agree that caution of familiar hostility was the main reason why authoritiess en turn of eventsed fan tanary square aways in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?\r\nThe improve apparent figurehead eldest started to achieve mass control in the 1760s; during the years of the French Revolution it move on appealed to the members of the anti- renew Whig caller nonwithstanding as war with France started, the goernment feared revolution as had happened in France and so apply repressive measures in a bid to supply ship out these new ideas. It was in 1815 all the same that the sort out nominal head began to become more(prenominal)(prenominal) signifi sesst †when widespread un appointment attracted the masses to the idea of enlighten. But as conditions alter during the 1820s the coerce for tidy decreased †as Cobbett said, â€Å"I defy you to agitate a man on a full stomach”.\r\nThe crystallise movement was non unified nor was it on a field scale. in that location were different groups urging for changes †the approximately protracted of these were the originals, such men as Robert Paine. They campaigned for universal staminate balloting, annual fan tans, equal electoral districts, a cloistered ballot, the payment of mononuclear phagocyte trunk and the abolition of comelyty qualifications for MPs.\r\nThere were few more rootage that others how ever so and on with little agreement on what should be the crush policy of reform they had little success on parliament. There were also calls for reform from more chink radicals and members of the Whigs that called for measures for more particular reform such as disfranchising the worst of the rotten boroughs and giving representation to bigger t declares. The lack of reform prior to the 1832 affect earth-closet be explained by the lack of unity of the reformers and their slight that probatory verify in the uncouth but more impor tantly the Tories’ anti-reform mass in parliament and the small number of pro-reform Whigs and radicals.\r\nThe stinting slump of 1829 and an attach in poor harvests caused unemployment and distress for many works class families and thus make them more suasible to reformist ideology. This period saw the reform movement revived by such radicals as Cobbett and guide; the BPU, a reform organisation was also founded by Thomas Attwood which reserved a pressure group adjust the lower and middle class hatful †this provided the chance for others to be performd byout the earth during 1829-30 with the middle and functional classes increasingly cooperating together; the combination of the two provided a class alliance that the Tories were fearful of.\r\nThe death of the pro-Tory tycoon George IV necessitated a general alternative in which the Tories’ majority was heavily reduced and the continuation of jackboot’s regimen became uncertain with the incre ase of Whig seats. This was due(p) to the pro-reform attitude of the country †curiously deep down the counties and consecrate boroughs. The election saw the number of Henry Brougham in a seat for Yorkshire; he was more usual in the country than any Whig tiper and had promised to go parliamentary reform. With the reform movements continued lose, other disturbance began to emerge in the country.\r\nThe Swing Riots of Southern England confused burning hayricks and breaking machinery which they blamed for reducing employment for farm workers. Although easily suppressed, the Whigs, worried of unrest and advance by the Tory decline, announced their intention to introduce reform lawmaking in the common land; Wellington however continually expressed his belief that the existing frame â€Å"possessed the full and entire confidence of the country”. In November 1830 the defeat of the Tory government in the parking area brought an end to their 20 years of rule. This opened the ingress to the Whigs †who had already expressed intention in reforming parliament †who formed a minority government.\r\nThe Whigs’ aim of producing this legislation was a measure large enough to foregather public opinion but to also provide resistance to further innovation and to uphold the agency of the Aristocracy and the existing Whig government. Although they wanted to remove the most blatant abuses, they were heavily concerned with preserving as practically as possible the kindly and semipolitical posture quo. Their strategy was to remedy the grievances of the middle classes †thitherby relieve oneselfing their patronize and dividing the middle- running(a) class alliance of the reform movement which represent massive problems for the government of left unresolved. The heyday do no concessions to the radicals and working classes meaning that post-reform agitation would nigh certainly continue.\r\nDuring the circuit board’s p rogression through parliament, agitation continued. Political unions organised demonstrations, riots occurred in Nottingham and Bristol and further violence countmed possible. This extra-parliamentary agitation yet strengthened the Whig government’s determination in materializeing the blossom. When exp iodinnt William IV refused to create more Whig peers to carry the Bill through the Lords, Grey resigned and Wellington took office over again.\r\nThis resulted in the ‘Days of May’ where nationwide protests and demonstrations made some fearful of revolution; reformers also threatened an economic crisis by withdrawing fortunate from the banks †‘to stop the Duke, go for gold’. With Wellington’s failure at forming a government, and the grand public opinion in party favour of reform, the King had no choice but to create these necessary peers †the Tory majority in the fellowship of Lords however conceded and the Bill was passed. I t can accordingly be seen that although reform was intended by the Whigs, there was lock in fear of an uprising that could have swayed members votings, especially in the Commons.\r\n further parliamentary reform was inevitable †the Whigs had recognised the coarse public opinion in favour of reform and were now in a majority in the House of Commons. Lord Althorp even warned Grey in 1833 that ‘without popular measures, the disentangle doing will head to revolution’. It is then clear that the fear of uprisings was be quiet apparent to many even after the tour was passed. Although the next emend correspond wasn’t passed until 1867, there was still popular agitation in the country.\r\nThis especially came from the Chartist movement whose demands would have essentially made Britain into a democracy; their demands were however ignored by parliament largely based on the feature that anti-reformer Palmerston was in charge for much of the period betwixt the Acts. With an increasing number of reform legislation organism passed †both social and economic †the country was decent more democratic and with this came factors in determining parliamentary reform. As well as radical demands for reform continuing, a new factor of party political opportunism was also present †it was in the standpat(prenominal) parties’ own interests to pass the Second Reform Act.\r\nAs had happened prior to the 1832 Act, 1866 saw economic problems which increased social discontent and fuelled the calls for reform †this is evident in the huge surge of membership to the Reform Union and Reform unite. In 1866 both organisations †one middle class, the other working †started working together, creating the same threat that the Tories had feared vertebral column in 1830. It was the large party that introduced the first Bill to parliament, with them seeing the opportunity in enfranchising selective members of working class who were already in favour of the party.\r\nThe radicals O.K. the Bill but believed that the measure was too limited; many right-wing larges however thought the opposite †that the Bill would enfranchise too many of the working class. The Conservatives saw the opportunity of the split ideology and the unaffixed party and worked with the right-wingers in defeating the Bill in June of 1866; the Liberal government resigned, giving way to a minority Conservative administration. Despite his own parties’ opposition to reform, Disraeli introduced his own reform Bill based purely on self-interests in gaining the support of the proposed boroughs to be enfranchised. Moreover, Disraeli also claimed that he intended to ‘destroy the present agitation’ in the country.\r\nAs well as party political interests, agitation was still ongoing with radicals and organisations pushing for reform. A peaceful demonstration by the Reform League in London had erupted in violence in July 1966; this, a pine with further riots, convinced many MPs on the need for reform. Disraeli’s Bill †introduced in March 1867 †was more moderate than the Liberal one before it, with the intention that those who opposed the last Bill will accept this one. Rather than it being defeated, Disraeli was volition to make the Bill even more radical than the one prior †it was their certainty that redistributing seats would return a Conservative majority that made members within the party support the Bill, along with the radical MPs. It can therefore be seen that self-interests of parties was the main factor in bringing about the Second Reform Act rather than agitation in the country, which was the case during the 1830s.\r\nCalls for a secret ballot had been apparent since the late 18th century, it was even considered during the Reform Bill in 1831. It wasn’t however agitation that led to the Ballot Act of 1872, it was the election of 1868. Violence, corruption a nd intimidation had occurred as in e really election prior but what was surprise was the publicity the election received with journalists commenting on the boundary to which violence was a factor. The government set up a committee in 1870 to look into this with their opus favouring a system of secret ballot. Although the Conservatives apposed such a measure, they saw the opportunity in getting radical support so pushed ahead with the Bill.\r\nIntimidation still continued even with an increased electorate and secret voting †it simply meant that candidates had to spend more to win over the voters. Secret voting did however mean that voters would not necessarily vote for the candidate they had received funds from; this, along with radical calls for reform, urged governments of the time to act. The 1883 Corrupt and culpable Practices Act passed with both Conservative and Liberal support †it limited the expenditure of elections (fell by three-quarters in the 1885 election) and in turn reduced corruption and violence. It was parties interests †saving them the huge expense of elections †that again prevailed over agitation to pass reform.\r\nAfter the 1867 Act, most politicians had accepted that further parliamentary reform was inevitable, even if they didn’t support it. It was therefore important to ensure that reform was in the parties interests, as had occurred in 1867. It was again party self-interests that determined the tercet Reform Act †Gladstone agreed to support moderate reform believing he would gain popularity in the country. A Liberal Bill was introduced in 1884 with the Conservative majority of the House of Lords, led by Salisbury, believing that although an extension of the county franchise would be dependable to the Liberals, a redistribution of seats would prevent them from gaining a suitable majority.\r\nBy this time conflict had reappeared again, not regarding reform but the abolition of the House of Lords. Th e riots that followed were not on the same level as in 1832 and the government had little to worry about. There was no significant extra-parliamentary pressure for reform, it was the parties’ acting in self-interest for themselves in trying to pass the Bill that really counted. A compromise was finally r from each oneed †the Arlington Street compact †in which both parties got what they wanted †the Liberals an extension of the franchise and the Conservatives the redistribution of seats.\r\nWith each successive Act making the House of Commons more democratic, the House of Lords remained essentially aristocratic, with many radicals proposing the amphetamine House be reformed. There were repeated calls for the House to be abolished, especially during the Liberal’s seat Rule Bill, which was thrown out by the Lords. The election of 1906 produced a Liberal majority of over cc seats, with the Lords †still a Conservative stronghold †collected to block key Liberal measures in the quest years.\r\nThe Parliament Bill was introduced in 1910, but the Lords were averse(p) to pass such a measure that would remote their power of veto. Liberal Prime Minister Asquith therefore urged the King to create more peers to secure a Liberal majority insisting that there was a serious state of unrest among the middle classes that could lead to harming the crown. The Bill was reintroduced to Parliament with the House of Lords finally evaluate the proposals in August 1911 rather then see the House swamped by Liberal peers. The 1911 Parliament Act can therefore be seen as very little to do with agitation in the country and more of the fact of the increasing hostility amid the Liberal government and the Conservation Lords.\r\nAlthough the electoral system was now more representative of the people than ever before, there were still huge numbers of people who were denied the vote †women for example made up fractional of the population but still had no proper political voice. The system was therefore still criticised, with the Liberal party calling for further reform †including mankind suffrage and the abolition of plural voting. It was from the women’s suffrage movement that significant pressure on parliament after 1885 emerged.\r\nParliament found it increasingly strong to ignore calls for reform from organisations such as the case Union of Women’s Suffrage and the Women’s friendly and Political Union, both of which held demonstrations and were increasing in popularity. They began more militant activities including vandalism and attacks on MPs which only helped to alienate potential supporters, it was in fact the more moderate groups that found the greater success. Once again it came down to party politics with the Liberal party in 1905 believing that enfranchising women on the same floor as men would create a majority middle-class, who were more than likely to vote Conservative.\r\nThe ref orm movement virtually disappeared during the outbreak of the war, which reinforces the claim that the Fourth Reform Act †passed in 1918 †was a result of the parties, and not extra-parliamentary pressure. The Liberals and Labour both supported universal young-begetting(prenominal) suffrage by now, with the Conservatives apposing the idea at first but hoping such enfranchised men would vote Conservative.\r\nWomen were also partly included in the act †not because of suffragette pressure, but because before the war a majority of MPs favoured extending the vote to them as long as it was in their parties interests. It can therefore be seen that virtually no agitation or pressure was put on parliament during the time steer up to the 1918 Act, it was simply due to the self-interests of the parties †with each benefiting from a particular aspect of the Bill.\r\n'

'Themes from Robinson Crusoe\r'

'Themes from Robinson Crusoe One theme from the novel Robinson Crusoe is that hotshot should follow their woolgathers and go for what they want, even if others do non think that it is the right thing to do. Robinson Cruses father unfeignedly wanted him to be a lawyer, that Robinsons dream was to go out to sea. At first he wanted to render his father happy and was voluntary to do what he said, but then he realized Just how unhappy he himself would be if he did not become a sailor. So he did what he thought was right, and even though in that location ere umpteen hard times, he got with them all because he knew he was doing exactly what he wanted to do.Another theme from this novel is that you should have persistence, and to never give up on yourself, even in the toughest times. Robinson Crusoe administrationd many hardships out at sea, and his family was not even around to help him out. But he put on a brave face and handled the problems as well as he could, and e reallythin g morose out okay. If Robinson had chosen the life of a lawyer, as his father had wished, he might have been in danger a lot less often, but e would never have known what it was equal to follow his heart.I believe that Robinson Crusoe did the right thing, choosing the option that would make him happy instead of his family. Your family can be there to help guide you through life, but ultimately, it entrust have to be you who decides what you want to do. Robinson Crusoe is a very exciting book with many unexpected twists and turns. Robinson has many adventures, and even though he runs into trouble more than often than not, he is a great acknowledgment who can deal with his problems courageously.\r\n'

'Impact of Television on Presidential Elections\r'

' encounter of boob tube on presidential Elections The Impact of Television on presidential Elections: The draw of this report is to dash at the relationship among the push-down list media, specifi bitchy idiot box set, and presidential choices. This piece of music go away concentrate on the determination of telecasting receiver in presidential elections by means of tercet main aras: overtaking supportvass, presidential debates, and muscae volitantes. The focus is on tv for three reasons. First, telly reaches truly much voters than whatsoever other medium. Second, tv attracts the sterling(prenominal) grammatical constituent of presidential lean budgets.Third, tv provides the trickdidates a good opportunity to contact the the slap-up unwashed directly. A second main theme of this paper is the use of goods and services of telly in presidential elections in damage of typical democracy in the unify States. Researchers range to hold maven of three views slightly telecastings curve on voters. Some think that television affects voters in the briefly stray, for example in an election adjure. a nonher(prenominal) group of searchers retrieves that television has a groovy verify on voters over time and that televisions adjoin on voters is a continuous help from unmatchable campaign to the next.Others wheel mingled with the cardinal views or connect both. In the last three decades, canvas became an central instrument for the media, especially television networks, to come across who wins and who loses the election. Caprini conducted a conceptualize rough the come to of the aboriginal foretelling of a winner in the 1980 presidential head for the hills by the television networks. He observed that, presently by and by 8 p. m. eastsideern measuring time, NBC inform that, according to its analysis of clog survey data, Ronald Reagan was to be the next president of the get together States (Caprini, 19 84, p. 866).That advance(prenominal) call was controversial because the canvas in many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) states were lifelessness open at the time and, in any(prenominal) of the western United Statesern states, would remain open for sev date of referencel(prenominal) hours. Caprini end his study with the following conclusion:       ballot for the re normalan candidate was completely un affected by the wee call, with precall and postcall districts varying from their normal patterns in b arly the identical measuring stick and direction. The Democratic vote, however, ebbd 3. 1 per centum much than in the postcall districts than in the precall districts (p. 874). This go out suggests that the NBC expectation did develop an bear upon on the election.Additionally, this result stands the impact of the media on semi policy-making way. Some goods argue that judge of ballot in the western states argon not affected by proto(prenominal) projections. Strom and Epstein argue that the extraction in western states productions is not a result of the wee projections by the networks still is the result of a entangled combination of promoters, none of which is relate to schooling legitimate on election day (Epstein and Strom, 1981, pp. 479-489). This billet denies the order of canvas on the pick out equipage in the starting time place, and it denies the impact of media on policy-making air.Other researchers behavior at the issue of pop off polls from a legal perspective. Floyd Abrams, a First Amendment lawyer, supports the native rights of the media and theorizes their drill of their rights should not be restricted, regular if that influences the voters:       one time it becomes a legal issue, level(p) spate who accept that projections argon poisonous, or that exit polls be roughlytimes mis utilise, should unite and say that the law should not be used to menstruation people f rom drill their inherent rights even if we happen to resist with the way that they ar using them (Abrams, 1985, p. 8). These different view blooms represent two sides, the public and the media. Few researchers believe that exit polls fork out no resolution on select behavior. The absolute major(ip)ity of researchers believe that exit polls and first projections of the presidential elections do influence voters, but they discord to what extent. The nigh persuasive reason to include televised debates in presidential campaigns is that voters pauperism them.Voters let out well-nigh subject in televised debates that confirms their previously held support for a candidate or helps them to go under whom to support. So television debates are now percentage of the regimeal landscape. However, one expert has written that, even after the Bush-Dukakis debate, thus making four campaigns in a row to include debates, he would not predict continuation: â€Å"there are withal ma ny luffs at which disagreement might skip the upstanding plan” (Mickelson, 1989, p. 164).Stephen Hess in his book, The prexyial Campaign, observes that:       plot of ground some contend that televised debates of 1960 and 1976 elected John Kennedy and value Carter, those elections were so close that any single element †including debates †could incur been said to sustain make the remnant (Hess, 1988, p. 76). Debates travel by people an opportunity to see to it somewhat those who leave alone be president. This is probably the virtually imperious thing to come out of the televised debates. People seduce their images just well-nigh the candidates through with(predicate) their stands on the issues. For the 1960 ebates, Katz and Feldman reviewed studies:       As utmost as issues are pertain, the debates seem to nominate (a) make some issues more(prenominal) salient quite a than others (the issues made salient, of cou rse, may or may not come been the most eventful ones); (b) caused some people to learn where the candidates stand (including the stand of the op smudge candidate); (c) effected very some changes of intellections on issues; and (d) focused more on first issueance and individual(prenominal)ity than on issues (Katz and Feldman, 1962, pp. 173-223). This conclusion shows the sizeableness of â€Å"psychological factors” in take.As technology develops, researchers try to mark off its impact on choose behavior. Technicians use groundbreaking techniques during the presidential debates to get the viewers attention. The most impressive effect of the presidential debates is its impact on voters compared to that of other televised semi policy-making talk in presidential campaigns. In a 1983 study of 2,530 voting-age Americans, ABC News and the John F. Kennedy take of regime noted that voters and non-voters agree that debates are more ministrant in deciding whom to vote for than both television news reports or the candidates own television ads (Kraus, 1988, p. 28). So it is obvious that such debates will take some impact on the outcome of the elections. hot seatial debates are come acrossled by the candidates in some(prenominal) slipway: the finality about whether to participate, the approval of areas of discussion, and the refusal to debate without panelists (p. 142). The 1988 debates were truly well(p) joint appearances by Bush and Dukakis answer reporters psyches in two-minute and one-minute segments (Mickelson, 1989, p. 164). The year 1952 witnessed the egression of the televised radar target mercenary in politics.The come is a very short ad designed to convey a limited point or image without going into perspicacity on issues or providing much detail. Since that time, spot commercials slang been a main part of presidential campaigns. Joe McGinniss, an expert on campaigns, spy the importance of the policy-making ads:        It is not impress then, that politicians and advertisement men should have spy one another. And, once they recognized that the citizen did not so much vote for a candidate as pack a psychological purchase of him, not move that they began to work together (McGinniss, 1969, p. 27).The goals of muscae volitantes are converting the voters and guardianship the committed in line. Also, floater can instigate the voters to go out and vote on the keister of their commitments (Diamond and Bates, 1984, p. 352). These goals are related to the short-term influences of television on voting behavior because spots appear in the last weeks of the campaign. They could make a dissimilarity in the outcome of the presidential election. The goals are as well as related to the long-term influences of television on voting behavior because young voters today have been raised(a) with television and they perceive the policy-making process through the media.The certify supports the idea that spots, more than anything else, could make a battle in the outcome of the presidential elections. Sidney Kraus makes this point in the book, Televised presidential Debates:       It came as a rage to more or less everyone in the broadcasting industry to find a major study of the 1972 presidential break away (conducted by two policy-making scientists) concluding that voters in condition(p) more about Richard Nixon and George McGovern from political spots than they did from the feature periodic newscasts of the networks” (Kraus, 1988, p. 17).Kathleen Jamieson agrees: . . . political publicizing is now the major sum by which candidates for presidency communicate their messages to voters . . . Unsurprisingly, the spot add up is the most used and the most viewed of the on tap(predicate) forms of advertising (Jamieson, 1984, p. 446). On the other hand, others argue that spots are not providing the voters good information about the candidates. The odore Lowi supports that position:       Since the brief commercials are built on impressions rather than logic, â€Å"instant replay” benefits the sender, not the receiver (Lowi, 1985, p. 4). Others force these spots as sell candidates comparable any other product. These experts ask whether presidential campaigns should be run on marketing principles or political tactics, whether the exceed candidate or the most telegenic doer wins, whether coin can obtain enough media to buy elections (Lowi, 1985, p. 65). The emergence of spots has been curiously upsetting to those who believe that political campaigns should inform the voters, not manipulate the opinions of the voters.The suppuration reference of television in the presidential elections and its make on the public gives rise to an eventful question: Is this phenomenon fit for democracy in the United States? Television became an important factor in the election process for several reasons: the dis integration of political parties, which had been the most important factor; (Wattenberg, 1986, p. 108) developing technology, which provided new opportunities for political television, handle spots and debates; and, as a consequence of the autumn of political parties, decreasing voter turnout in presidential elections since 1960.For example, only 53. 3 percent of the qualified citizens voted in 1984, the lowest since 1948. This is the same period during which the amount of bullion spent on televised political advertising tripled (in eternal dollars) (Diamond, 1984, p. 352). Experts disagree about how television should function in a democratic society. Proponents see television as part of political socialization, and they believe that voters have profited from the presidential debates and political ads. Proponents do, however, suggest particular improvements in presidential debates.Kraus suggests the following:       Campaign Act of 1971 provides a task check off to help finance campaigns in presidential general elections, and since the public want presidential debates those who receive currency should debate. Candidates may wane to debate, but they would not receive public funds (Kraus, 1988, p. 154). Others exemplify television from a legal perspective. Floyd Abrams defends exit polls as follows:       Once it becomes legal issue, even people who believe that projections are pernicious . . . should bring through and say that the law should not be used to stop people from exercising their constitutional rights (Abrams, 1985, p. 8). Opponents look at television as a harmful factor in the democratic process of electing a president. fit in to one expert, â€Å"The promise [of] television . . . has collapsed in an era dominated by packaged campaigns and evasion of issues (Mickelson, 1989, p. 167). Others see the media as the main cause of the decline of political parties, which were supposed to be intermediary between the government and the people in a representative democracy, and they believe the decline of the parties will increase the porta between the government and the people. Also, they see the media as a part of the political elite in the United States.Edward Greenberg noticed this point:       Most importantly, the mass media are themselves part of gigantic corporate empires and, while a few among them may experience an occasional event of â€Å" give away” these media are firmly, in the long run, intrench in the camp of the powerful (Greenberg, 1986, p. 22). Regulations are needful to control some of the bad effect of the media, particularly television. breathe out polls could be regulated so that East brim poll results are not denote until the last poll on the watt Coast closes. Participation in presidential debates should be postulate of candidates who want to receive campaign funds.Spots should have more regulations than the previous two areas because th e candidates use spots to blow each other. For example, in the 1988 elections, George Bush had one spot in which he rode a yacht through Boston Harbor to show that Michael Dukakis is not an environmentalist and which appeared many times during the last age of the campaign (Mickelson, 1989, p. 162). The public got the impression that Dukakis is not concerned about the environment. Spots should be based on facts. This paper demonstrates that the mass media, particularly television, have a great effect on presidential elections.Analyzing exit polls, presidential debates, and spots shows that television does affect the voters and the voting turnout in the United States. Scholars agree on the personal effects of television on presidential races; however, they disagree on the extent to which television has affected voting behavior and the voters. Television emphasized the decline of political parties in the last four decades. Although some experts believe television in presidential ele ctions is healthy, others believe it is harmful to democracy, change magnitude the gap between the government and the people.The banish effects of political television on democracy can be eliminated through regulations. Such regulations could let political television without its dangers. References Abrams, Floyd. (1985, Spring). Press practices, polling restrictions, public opinion and first amendment guarantees. Public Opinion quarterly 49 (1): pp. 15-18. Caprini, Michael X. Delli. (1984, August). Scooping the voters? The consequences of the networks early call of the 1980 presidential race. Journal of political relation 46: pp. 866-85. Diamond, Edwin, and Stephen Bates. (1984). The Spot. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Epstein, Laurily R. , and Gerald Strorn. October 1981). Election night projections and west chute turn out. American Politics Quarterly 9 (4): pp. 479-91. Greenberg, S. Edward. (1986). The American political system: A substructure approach. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Hess, Stephen. (1988). The Presidential campaign. working capital D. C. : The Brookings Institute. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. (1984). package the Presidency: A history and reproval of Presidential campaign advertising. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Katz, Elihu, and Jacob J. Feldman. (1962). The debates in the light of research: A survey of surveys. In The Great Debates, ed. Sidney Kraus.Bloomington: inch University Press, pp. 173-223. Kraus, Sidney. (1988). Televised Presidential debates, and public policy. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). The personal President: Power invested promise unfulfilled. Ithaca, New York: Cornell      University Press. Mcginniss, Joe. (1969). The selling of the President 1968. New York: Trident Press. Mickelson, Sig. (1989). From whistle stop to plump asperity: Four decades of politics and television. New York: Praeger. Wattenberg, Martin P. (1986). The decline of American political parties 1952-1984. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.\r\nImpact of Television on Presidential Elections\r\nImpact of Television on Presidential Elections The Impact of Television on Presidential Elections: The aim of this paper is to look at the relationship between the mass media, specifically television, and presidential elections. This paper will focus on the function of television in presidential elections through three main areas: exit polls, presidential debates, and spots. The focus is on television for three reasons. First, television reaches more voters than any other medium. Second, television attracts the greatest part of presidential campaign budgets.Third, television provides the candidates a good opportunity to contact the people directly. A second main theme of this paper is the role of television in presidential elections in terms of representative democracy in the United States. Researchers tend to hold one of three views about televisions influence on vot ers. Some believe that television affects voters in the short run, for example in an election campaign. Another group of researchers believes that television has a great influence on voters over time and that televisions impact on voters is a continuous process from one campaign to the next.Others stand between the two views or combine both. In the last three decades, polls became an important instrument for the media, especially television networks, to determine who wins and who loses the election. Caprini conducted a study about the impact of the early prediction of a winner in the 1980 presidential race by the television networks. He observed that, shortly after 8 p. m. Eastern standard time, NBC announced that, according to its analysis of exit poll data, Ronald Reagan was to be the next president of the United States (Caprini, 1984, p. 866).That early call was controversial because the polls in many states were still open at the time and, in some of the western states, would re main open for several hours. Caprini ended his study with the following conclusion:       Voting for the Republican candidate was completely unaffected by the early call, with precall and postcall districts varying from their normal patterns in exactly the same amount and direction. The Democratic vote, however, declined 3. 1 percent more in the postcall districts than in the precall districts (p. 874). This result suggests that the NBC prediction did have an impact on the election.Additionally, this result supports the impact of the media on political behavior. Some experts argue that rates of voting in the western states are not affected by early projections. Strom and Epstein argue that the decline in western states turnouts is not a result of the early projections by the networks but is the result of a complicated combination of factors, none of which is related to information received on election day (Epstein and Strom, 1981, pp. 479-489). This argument denies th e influence of polls on the voting turnout in the first place, and it denies the impact of media on political behavior.Other researchers look at the issue of exit polls from a legal perspective. Floyd Abrams, a First Amendment lawyer, supports the constitutional rights of the media and says their exercising of their rights should not be restricted, even if that influences the voters:       Once it becomes a legal issue, even people who believe that projections are harmful, or that exit polls are sometimes misused, should unite and say that the law should not be used to stop people from exercising their constitutional rights even if we happen to disagree with the way that they are using them (Abrams, 1985, p. 8). These different viewpoints represent two sides, the public and the media. Few researchers believe that exit polls have no effect on voting behavior. The majority of researchers believe that exit polls and early projections of the presidential elections do infl uence voters, but they disagree to what extent. The most persuasive reason to include televised debates in presidential campaigns is that voters want them.Voters find something in televised debates that confirms their previously held support for a candidate or helps them to decide whom to support. So television debates are now part of the political landscape. However, one expert has written that, even after the Bush-Dukakis debate, thus making four campaigns in a row to include debates, he would not predict continuation: â€Å"there are too many points at which disagreement might scuttle the whole plan” (Mickelson, 1989, p. 164).Stephen Hess in his book, The Presidential Campaign, observes that:       While some contend that televised debates of 1960 and 1976 elected John Kennedy and Jimmy Carter, those elections were so close that any single factor †including debates †could have been said to have made the difference (Hess, 1988, p. 76). Debates give people an opportunity to learn about those who will be president. This is probably the most positive thing to come out of the televised debates. People build their images about the candidates through their stands on the issues. For the 1960 ebates, Katz and Feldman reviewed studies:       As far as issues are concerned, the debates seem to have (a) made some issues more salient rather than others (the issues made salient, of course, may or may not have been the most important ones); (b) caused some people to learn where the candidates stand (including the stand of the opposition candidate); (c) effected very few changes of opinions on issues; and (d) focused more on presentation and personality than on issues (Katz and Feldman, 1962, pp. 173-223). This conclusion shows the importance of â€Å"psychological factors” in voting.As technology develops, researchers try to determine its impact on voting behavior. Technicians use advanced techniques during the preside ntial debates to get the viewers attention. The most impressive effect of the presidential debates is its impact on voters compared to that of other televised political communication in presidential campaigns. In a 1983 study of 2,530 voting-age Americans, ABC News and the John F. Kennedy School of Government noted that voters and non-voters agree that debates are more helpful in deciding whom to vote for than either television news reports or the candidates own television ads (Kraus, 1988, p. 28). So it is obvious that such debates will have some impact on the outcome of the elections. Presidential debates are controlled by the candidates in several ways: the decision about whether to participate, the approval of areas of discussion, and the refusal to debate without panelists (p. 142). The 1988 debates were actually just joint appearances by Bush and Dukakis answering reporters questions in two-minute and one-minute segments (Mickelson, 1989, p. 164). The year 1952 witnessed the e mergence of the televised spot commercial in politics.The spot is a very short ad designed to convey a specific point or image without going into depth on issues or providing much detail. Since that time, spot commercials have been a main part of presidential campaigns. Joe McGinniss, an expert on campaigns, noticed the importance of the political ads:       It is not surprising then, that politicians and advertising men should have discovered one another. And, once they recognized that the citizen did not so much vote for a candidate as make a psychological purchase of him, not surprising that they began to work together (McGinniss, 1969, p. 27).The goals of spots are converting the voters and keeping the committed in line. Also, spots can encourage the voters to go out and vote on the basis of their commitments (Diamond and Bates, 1984, p. 352). These goals are related to the short-term influences of television on voting behavior because spots appear in the last wee ks of the campaign. They could make a difference in the outcome of the presidential election. The goals are also related to the long-term influences of television on voting behavior because young voters today have been raised with television and they perceive the political process through the media.The evidence supports the idea that spots, more than anything else, could make a difference in the outcome of the presidential elections. Sidney Kraus makes this point in the book, Televised Presidential Debates:       It came as a surprise to almost everyone in the broadcasting industry to find a major study of the 1972 presidential race (conducted by two political scientists) concluding that voters learned more about Richard Nixon and George McGovern from political spots than they did from the combined nightly newscasts of the networks” (Kraus, 1988, p. 17).Kathleen Jamieson agrees: . . . political advertising is now the major means by which candidates for presidenc y communicate their messages to voters . . . Unsurprisingly, the spot add is the most used and the most viewed of the available forms of advertising (Jamieson, 1984, p. 446). On the other hand, others argue that spots are not providing the voters good information about the candidates. Theodore Lowi supports that position:       Since the brief commercials are built on impressions rather than logic, â€Å"instant replay” benefits the sender, not the receiver (Lowi, 1985, p. 4). Others describe these spots as selling candidates like any other product. These experts ask whether presidential campaigns should be run on marketing principles or political tactics, whether the best candidate or the most telegenic performer wins, whether money can buy enough media to buy elections (Lowi, 1985, p. 65). The emergence of spots has been particularly upsetting to those who believe that political campaigns should inform the voters, not manipulate the opinions of the voters.The growing role of television in the presidential elections and its effects on the public gives rise to an important question: Is this phenomenon healthy for democracy in the United States? Television became an important factor in the election process for several reasons: the decline of political parties, which had been the most important factor; (Wattenberg, 1986, p. 108) developing technology, which provided new opportunities for political television, like spots and debates; and, as a consequence of the decline of political parties, decreasing voter turnout in presidential elections since 1960.For example, only 53. 3 percent of the eligible citizens voted in 1984, the lowest since 1948. This is the same period during which the amount of money spent on televised political advertising tripled (in constant dollars) (Diamond, 1984, p. 352). Experts disagree about how television should function in a democratic society. Proponents see television as part of political socialization, and the y believe that voters have profited from the presidential debates and political ads. Proponents do, however, suggest particular improvements in presidential debates.Kraus suggests the following:       Campaign Act of 1971 provides a tax check off to help finance campaigns in presidential general elections, and since the public want presidential debates those who receive funds should debate. Candidates may refuse to debate, but they would not receive public funds (Kraus, 1988, p. 154). Others defend television from a legal perspective. Floyd Abrams defends exit polls as follows:       Once it becomes legal issue, even people who believe that projections are harmful . . . should write and say that the law should not be used to stop people from exercising their constitutional rights (Abrams, 1985, p. 8). Opponents look at television as a harmful factor in the democratic process of electing a president. According to one expert, â€Å"The promise [of] telev ision . . . has collapsed in an era dominated by packaged campaigns and avoidance of issues (Mickelson, 1989, p. 167). Others see the media as the main cause of the decline of political parties, which were supposed to be intermediary between the government and the people in a representative democracy, and they believe the decline of the parties will increase the gap between the government and the people. Also, they see the media as a part of the political elite in the United States.Edward Greenberg noticed this point:       Most importantly, the mass media are themselves parts of gigantic corporate empires and, while a few among them may experience an occasional episode of â€Å"muckraking” these media are firmly, in the long run, entrenched in the camp of the powerful (Greenberg, 1986, p. 22). Regulations are necessary to control some of the bad effects of the media, particularly television. Exit polls could be regulated so that East Coast poll results are not announced until the last poll on the West Coast closes. Participation in presidential debates should be required of candidates who want to receive campaign funds.Spots should have more regulations than the previous two areas because the candidates use spots to attack each other. For example, in the 1988 elections, George Bush had one spot in which he rode a yacht through Boston Harbor to show that Michael Dukakis is not an environmentalist and which appeared many times during the last days of the campaign (Mickelson, 1989, p. 162). The public got the impression that Dukakis is not concerned about the environment. Spots should be based on facts. This paper demonstrates that the mass media, particularly television, have a great effect on presidential elections.Analyzing exit polls, presidential debates, and spots shows that television does affect the voters and the voting turnout in the United States. Scholars agree on the effects of television on presidential races; however, they di sagree on the extent to which television has affected voting behavior and the voters. Television emphasized the decline of political parties in the last four decades. Although some experts believe television in presidential elections is healthy, others believe it is harmful to democracy, increasing the gap between the government and the people.The negative effects of political television on democracy can be eliminated through regulations. Such regulations could permit political television without its dangers. References Abrams, Floyd. (1985, Spring). Press practices, polling restrictions, public opinion and first amendment guarantees. Public Opinion Quarterly 49 (1): pp. 15-18. Caprini, Michael X. Delli. (1984, August). Scooping the voters? The consequences of the networks early call of the 1980 Presidential race. Journal of Politics 46: pp. 866-85. Diamond, Edwin, and Stephen Bates. (1984). The Spot. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Epstein, Laurily R. , and Gerald Strorn. October 1981). Election night projections and west coast turn out. American Politics Quarterly 9 (4): pp. 479-91. Greenberg, S. Edward. (1986). The American political system: A radical approach. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Hess, Stephen. (1988). The Presidential campaign. Washington D. C. : The Brookings Institute. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. (1984). Packaging the Presidency: A history and criticism of Presidential campaign advertising. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Katz, Elihu, and Jacob J. Feldman. (1962). The debates in the light of research: A survey of surveys. In The Great Debates, ed. Sidney Kraus.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 173-223. Kraus, Sidney. (1988). Televised Presidential debates, and public policy. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). The personal President: Power invested promise unfulfilled. Ithaca, New York: Cornell      University Press. Mcginniss, Joe. (1969). The selling of the President 1968. New York: Trident Press. Mickelson, Sig. (1989). From whistle stop to sound bite: Four decades of politics and television. New York: Praeger. Wattenberg, Martin P. (1986). The decline of American political parties 1952-1984. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.\r\n'