Michael Levin Why Homosexuality Is Abnormal - 5240 Words

Michael Levin I Introduction This essay defends the view that homosexuality is abnormal and hence undesirable - not because it is immoral or sinful, or because it weakens society or hampers evolutionary development, but for a purely mechanical reason. It is a misuse of bodily parts. Clear empirical sense attaches to the idea of  ¡he use of such bodily parts as genitals, the idea that they *efor some- thing, and consequently to the idea of their misuse. I argue on grounds involving natural selection that misuse of bodily parts can with high probability be connected to unhappiness. I regard these matters as prolegomena to such policy issues as the rights of homosexuals, the rights of those desiring not to associate with homosexuals, and†¦show more content†¦Homosexuality is likely to cause unhappiness because it leaves unfulfi[ed an innate and innately rewarding desire. And should the reader s environmentalism threaten to Bet the upper hand, let me remind him again of an unproblematic case. Lack of exercise is bad and even abnormal not only because it is unhealthy but also hcause one feels poorly without regular exercise. Nature made exercise rewarding until recently, we had to exercise to survive. Creatures who found running after because, game unrewarding were eliminated. Laziness leaves unreaped the rewards nature has planted in exercise, even if the lazy man c ¡Ã‚ ¡nnor tell this inrrospectively. If this is a correct description of the place oi exercise in human life, it is by the same token e correct description of the place of heterosexuality. It hardly needs saying, but perhaps I should say it anyway, that this argument concerns tendencies and probabilities. Generalizations ebout human affairs being notoriously rue by and large and for the most part only, saying that homosexuals are bound to be less happy than heterosexuals must be understood as short for Not coincidentally, a larger proportion of homosexuals will be unhappy than a corresponding selection of the heterosexual population. There are, after all, genuinely iolly fat men. To say that luiness leads to adverse affective consequences means that, because ofourShow MoreRelatedWhy Homosexuality Is Abnormal And Homes11892 Words   |  48 Pages22 Michael Levin 1 Introduction This essay defends the view that homosexuality is abnormal and hence undesirable - not because it is immoral or sinful, or because it weakens society or hampers evolutionary development, but for a purely mechanical reason. It is a misuse of bodily parts. Clear empirical sense attaches to the idea of the use of such bodily parts as genitals, the idea that they are for something, and consequently to the idea of their misuse. I argue on grounds involving natural selection

Human Trafficking Is The Unlawful Movement Of People

Human trafficking is the unlawful movement of people normally for commercial sex exploitation or forced labor purposes. Trafficking in persons that is the modern type of slavery has raised public concern and attention increasingly. The international and United States law defines human trafficking also known as trafficking in persons as encircling two different types of illegal activity, for instance, sexual exploitation and forced labor. Considering the economic situation and the geographical location of Mexico, it becomes clearly one of the source and point of entry for approximately eighteen thousand individuals trafficked each year into the United States (Shelley, 2010). Therefore, looking a large number of immigrants in the United†¦show more content†¦Human trafficking entails coercion or deception or both of another person for the intention of sexual, labor of other types of humiliation, unlike the smuggling of people. In several circumstances, traffickers acquire and retain control of the victim through the excuse of debt oppression. During trafficking, the victims remain helpless since they have to rely on the dealers for survival in terms of food and water. They have to submit to them and remain loyal lest they will be thrown in the way or assaulted and raped. Victims are frequently emotionally and physically abused into obedience through confinement, forced drug use, violent threats, starvation, gang rapes, and horrific beatings. Women and men of all nationalities are usually the abusers of these victims, and in the mainly hard situations, sufferers are socialized to become dynamic partakers and traffickers themselves. Researches and reports of cases of human trafficking documented below exemplify the diversity of this occurrence in the Mexican-United States context (Shelley, 2010). Forced Labor and Labor Exploitation is one of the main faces of human trafficking. Most individual trafficked or smuggled are for the purposes of forced labor and labor exploitation. Even though several undocumented employees hired or recruited by United States employers agree to position with poor living conditions, long hours, poor working conditions, and unlawful wages. The enormous

Case Study on Frank Drake Business Planning Free Essays

Business planning Case study This case study has three separate sections to it. The case material is given below, and then there is: †¢ A worksheet based on the case study (including the development of a full business plan) †¢ An interactive quiz Taktical. com Frank Drake is a software engineer with a major multinational firm and a highly experienced programmer. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study on Frank Drake Business Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is also a keen racing sailor, and for many years in his spare time he has been developing a piece of software to help racing sailors plan their tactics for a race. The software enables you to input a wide range of variables, including the weather, the tide, the nature of the course, the boat characteristics and information about the competition. From this you can then develop a strategy for the race. After the race you can input your decisions and test them against what the software considered the optimum strategy. Frank has used it widely and found it very effective and he has also given copies of it to sailing friends for them to test. They have frequently commented that he should sell it, and he has finally decided to leave his job and set up a company to sell and market the product. He has decided that the most effective way to distribute it would be through the internet and so he is planning to set up a sales and promotion web site called taktical. com. The software itself will be available through a CD. To make the software more marketable he will need to employ some other programmers and designers. He is planning to work from home initially and he estimates his initial set-up costs to be as follows: †¢ Software costs – ? 4,000 †¢ E-commerce set-up and hosting – ? 1,250 †¢ Design costs – ? 950 He has allocated ? 3,600 for his marketing budget, though he has not yet decided the most appropriate marketing methods to use. He has investigated carefully to see what other similar products are available and believes he has found a niche in the market, though there are some other sailing simulation packages, but these are mostly game-style ones and not targeted at serious sailors. He feels that this is a premium product targeted at a small niche and so he is able to set a relatively high price. He has discussed this with sailing friends and it is clear that price is not very important in their decision about whether to buy the product. He is planning therefore to charge ? 65 for each CD produced. He expects the variable costs of each unit to be: †¢ ? 2. 50 per CD produced †¢ ? 5. 25 for each manual produced †¢ ? 2. 25 postage/distribution cost He will be starting to sell the product at the start of March 2004 and expects sales for the first year to be:    |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |July |Aug |Sept |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb | |Sales |15 |20 |25 |45 |40 |35 |25 |10 |10 |45 |15 |25 | |He is going to approach the bank to try to raise ? 10,000 start-up funding, but needs some help developing his business plan. Why not have a go at the worksheet or the quiz associated with this case study. Business planning Case study – Worksheet Before starting this worksheet, make sure you have thoroughly read the case material. How to cite Case Study on Frank Drake Business Planning, Free Case study samples

1984 Reading Journal Essay Example For Students

1984 Reading Journal Essay 1984 Reading JournalSummary Chapter 1 and 2We are introduced to Winston Smith the main character of the story. Works at Ministry of truth. Ministry of truth is one of four government buildings in destroyed London, the main city of Airstrip One, a province of Oceania. Year is 1984 and three contries are at war, Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. Oceania is run by the party whose leader is Big Brother. Winston is sick of his life in the ruined city and decides to keep a diary. This is against the law in Oceania. He felt his feelings begin to hate Emmanuel Goldstein, leader of the enemy party. He also spots OBrien, a party leader whose eyes he sees a bit of political sympthy. Sees young girl who he dislikes. He feels it is only a matter of time before his though crimes are detected. A knock at the door he thinks is police. Mrs. Parsons, his neighbor is at the door and asked him to unclog a sink. He does it but smells sweat all over the apartment. Mrs. Parsons is a follower of party doctrine and a fellow employee at the ministry. The children are members of Spies, a youth that encourages spying and telling on traitors, including parents. Winston is revolted. He returns home and writes a couple more minutes before going back to work. He remenbers a dream where OBrien tole him he would meet him in a place wher there is no darkness. He washes his hands and hides the diaryReactionMajor ideas, conflicts and themes are introduced. We are shown how the earth has changed, into 3 main contenients. we are also introduced to the main character and how he fits into the new world. Also we are shown how the computer age has taken over peoples minds. The language is easy to understand, it has not really changed much over time. Seems like nothing left after nuclear war, just ruins remaining. We are introduced to Tom Parsons which Winston is contrasted with. The city is very drab. QuotesBig brother is watching you, the caption beneath it said Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever.Summary Chapter 3,4 and 5Waking from dreams, he remembers his mother and sister, and can barely remember their disappearence and feels responsible for there deaths. He has another dream where he is in the perfect countryside with the girl he had noticed eariler. He dreamed she stripped for him. This time he is woken up by the telescreen, telling him to do his exercises. He thinks about how much power the Party has over all information. Begins work at the ministry of truth. His job is to correct printed articles in line with the Partys orders. The Ministry and records department jobs are to rewrite history to make the party look good. They get a break because of the 2 minute hate. When he gets back he replaces a speech by Big Brother with invented history. Makes up story about a man named Ogilvy. The article had become contrary to the present party policy. It is replaced as though is never existed. Winston meets Syme, a philologist, for lunch. Syme explains parts about Newspeak. They are joined by Parsons. Winston thinks of the fate that each co-worker will recieve. Syme will be vapourized because he is to smart, where Parsons is dull enough to escape vapourization. He is the only one who has not been taken over by the propaganda that is always being brodcast. He notices the same girl from the other day starring at him and thinks it is the thought police. ReactionThe Golden country that he dreams about is definatly a release or a freedom from the the drabness of London. Also from the party. We are introduced to the fact that he has no mother or father or sisters or brothers anymore because they were taken by the party. He is realizing that he is rebelling against the party and he understands that he is at risk. Winston is in search of the truth and is concerned because of the partys ability to change history. We find that he likes his work even though it is for the party and against morals. He is introduced to the girl that will play a big part in the book most likely. QuotesPeople in the Records Department did not talk readily about there jobs.Winstons greatest pleasure in life was his workSummary Chapter 6,7 and 8He records in his diary and encounter a couple of years ago with a prostiture made up to look young, but was really and old woman. This menory of the encounter causes him to think of the policy regarding sex and marriage which the party has enforced. This causes him to think of his miserable life with his wife Katherine, that he has not seen in eleven years. Winston resents the intrusinon of the Party into the sex lives of its members. Also realizes the discouragement of sexual enjoyment, that makes any love affair with a party member impossible. Writing down the incident does not help him. He makes another entry in his diary, this one concerning the proles. He feels they are the only group that might overthrough the party, but they are unaware of it. There is no way of finding the truth about the past but he does think that present life is worse than the past. He remembers a photo that came into his possession trying to change the pastbut he destroyed it. He plans to stay free. After work one evening, he wonders into the prole end of London, and ends up near the store where he bought the diary. Follows man into pub and plans to ask him about revolution but man is incoherent. He leaves the pub and wanders. He ends up outside the little antique shop and decides to buy a glass paperweight. Mr. Charrington shows him a room upstairs and Winston dreams of renting it. He notices a dark haired girl following himand he is sure it is the thought police and he will be arrested. U.S Postal Service As a Monopoly EssayReactionWinston thinks of OBrein as a strong, unexcitable man. He is dedicated and wholeheartyu to the brotherhood. Winston joins the brotherhood and tells about his dreams. We understand about hate week a little more. Winston reads the book that is given to him by OBrien. Winston and Julia get arrested. They find out that OBrien was the enemy. There was a sorta feeling that OBrien was the bad guy, and they would get cought sonner or later. QuotesHe was a bit earlyThe lane widened, and in a minute he came to the footpath she had told him ofSummary Part 3 Chapter 1 and 2Winston is being held prisoner in a large, crowded cell at the Ministry of Love. Ampleforth and Parsons are both prisoners also. Parsons was tured in by his own daughter for thoughtcrime. He feels increased discomfort and room 101 is continually mentioned by several prisoners. OBrien enters the cell with a guard and Winston now realized he has been betrayed by him. OBrein is a member of the Inner Party. OBrien orders the guard to strike Winston who feels a great deal of pain on his elbow. Winston is tortured both physically and mentally for an unknown length of time. He keeps getting interrogated with beations and questions until he confesses to many crimes. OBrien reveals that he has been watching Winston for seven years. OBrein wants total rehab. from Winston. OBrien explains why the party can never be defeated. He has been informed that Julia quite eas ily betrayed him and has now been released totally rehabilitated. Winstons questions about room 101 is not answered. ReactionFinally he is caught by the thought police, which was inevidable since the beginning. He realizes that he has been betrayed by Julia and OBrien. But he says he would never betray her. All time is lost while he is in jail. We is going to be rehabilitated and is taken to the dreded 101 for more mind games. Winston does not crack, except that OBrien gets him to believe is a little crasy. QuotesListen the more men you have had the more I love youWe can come here once againSummary Chapter 3 and 4OBrien tells Winston th esecond stage of his rehab. is about to begin-understanding the why in party. He also tells winston that he wrote sections of Goldstiens book. He says the Party rules for the sake of power, and power alone. The proles will never revolt. OBrein questions him further and punishes him when he does not answer correctly. Winston says he is morally superior to the Party, but OBrien has a tape of the conversation about what Winston was willing to do to join the brotherhood. Winston thinks that the party will be defeated by a noble man, but OBrien shows Winston himself in the mirror. Winston weeps looking at his own aged and ghastly body. He conforts himself by thinking about how he never betrayed Julia. Winstons health is improving, and he is trying to accept the rightness of the party. He examines the past events and realilizes the party was in control the who le time. He realizes also that he party can make anything right if is wants to. He has to practice doublethinking. He wakes up from a troubled sleep, calling Julias name. OBrien enters his room and Winston confesses that he still hates Big Brother. He is sent to room 101. ReactionHe had also looked to OBrien for sanity and stength and kindness but now he sees what he really is a power-hungry guy who likes infliction of pain. He finds out he has been watched for 7 years. After being broken or cracked he still has the fact that he has not turned against Julia. They completely destroyed Winston and he has now entered the party. QuotesHave you heard the rumours of the existance of the brotherhood.The brotherhood cannot be wiped out because it is not an orgainization in the ordinary senseHe was tired, but not sleepy any longerSummary Chapter 5 and 6The torture room is brightly lit, room 101. OBrien says that the room contains the worst thing in the world. It turns out to be rats in a cage which can be strapped over his face. Winston yells and screems and is overcome by the horror and the terror. He screams that this punnishment should be given to Julia and not him. OBrien spares his life. Winston is then released. He is sitting under a tree at the Chestnut Tree Cafe. He drinks very heavily now. He remembers meeting Julia and how they talked about how they betrayed each other. The party would not allow them to see each other, but neither felt anything anymore. He remembers a game of his childhood but then it is pushed out by the broadcast that comes on the telescreen. Eurasia is once again the enemy. His heart fills with love for Big Brother. ReactionThe party knows the worse nightmare of each person and is ble to use that against them. It worked on Winston. Finnally he gives in and the party has won. Quotes He did not attempt to kiss her, nor did they speekHe loved Big Brother