Parody of Marc Antonys Funeral Speech(Julius Caesar)

A PARODY OF MARC ANTONY’S FUNERAL SPEECH Author-A Maths FearingStudent Friends, Scholars, And Fellow-Sufferers, Lend Me Yours Ears, I Come To Criticize Mathematics, Not To Praise It. The Evils That Former Geniuses Invented, Lives After Them; The Good Is Lost In The Sands of Time; So It Is With Mathematics. The Noble Maths Teachers Have Told You, Mathematics Is Interesting, If It Were So, I Have Failed to Appreciate It- And Failing To Appreciate, Have Failed In it. Here, Under The Leave of The Principal And Teachers For They Are All Honourable People, Come I To Speak Of The Ordeal Of Mathematics. Maths Is Complicating, Nauseating, And Frightening To Me But Our Maths Teachers Say, â€Å"It Is Interesting And Easy† And They Are Honourable Men. Many A Time we Are Given Sums Whose Complexities Did Leave Us Reeling, Does This Make It Interesting? When The Poor Students Failed, The Maths Teachers Routed And Roared. Mathematics Should Be Made Easier Or Abolished Yet The Maths Teachers Say â€Å"It Is Easy! † And They Are All Capable Men. You Have All Observed During The Year, As The Maths Teachers Walk Into The Class, The Students Sweat And Swoon. Is It Necessary? Yet Our Maths Teachers Say It Is Necessary, And Sure, They Are Capable Men. I Speak Not To Disprove What These Teachers Say; But Here I Am To Speak What I Do Know. You All Did Try To Pass Mathematics, But Without Success. Isn’t That What Causes To Hate Schooling? O’ Education! Where Is The Justification? Have All Educationists Lost Their Reason? Bear With Me, I Must Stop Now; My Fear for Mathematics Allows Me To Go No Further. I Must Pause Till Reason Come Back To Our Educators. Till Yesterday, We Bore The Rigours Of Maths Silently But Now We Must Rethink Our Goals. It Is Not That We Need To Do Away With Mathematics, But Just Make It More Bearable. O’ Friends, If I Were To Stir You Up Against Mathematics I Should Do The School Wrong And The Maths Teachers Wrong Who You All Know Are Capable Men. I Will Not Do Them Wrong, I Rather Choose To Wrong The System,To Wrong myself And You; Than To Wrong such Honourable Men. *——————-*

Fundamentals of Nevada History

The year was 1864 and it was the beginning of May when an election would take place in June that would decide the second constitutional convention.This convention unlike the one in 1863; this one would establish the Nevada Enabling Act, but would have restrictions that the constitution written would have to follow under the following guidelines: (1) The new State Constitution must be republican in nature and not repugnant to the Federal Constitution or the Declaration of Independence; 2) there shall be no slavery or involuntary servitude other than for punishment of crimes, without the consent of the United States and the people of Nevada; (3) the Constitutional Convention must disclaim all rights to inappropriate lands in Nevada; (4) land owned by U.S. Citizens outside Nevada must not be discriminated against in taxation; and (5) there must be no taxation of federal property in the state. (Michael W. Bowers 2005). This was a time that Nevada was not statehood and Lincoln needed more electoral votes for the passage of his Thirteenth Amendment which would abolish slavery. Another reason was so that Lincoln could use Novena's vote to win the 1864 presidential election.The final reason was the dividing of the electoral votes were to even; Lincoln felt if it came down to this it would be left in the House of Representatives hands and he may lose, but by making Nevada a statehood he would be able to win over Nevada giving him another statehood vote and more of a republican power in the House. Civil Rights in Nevada History Although in 1864 the Thirteenth Amendment was passed there was still racism, aggregation, and discrimination in Nevada which has been called later as the â€Å"Mississippi of the West†.Although voting rights had been established; Nevada citizens that were white felt that they were an inferior race and that other races of color should not have the same privileges or their white Anglo-Saxon brothers and sisters. African Americans were not abl e to testify against any white individual in a court of law due to them being presumed â€Å"untrustworthy'. Another issue was that they were not able to work in the state of Nevada as whites had the privileges of doing so. During the building of the Hoover Dam blacks were not eligible for hire and were not able to gamble or stay at the Hotels on the strip if they worked there.Entertainers like Leona Horns and Sammy Davis Jar. Could not stay there after they performed there, and they would have to go to the Million Rouge if they wanted that type of entertainment which was where blacks had to go in order to have the same type of entertainment. Once the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 all of this had to come to an end and Nevada was then forced to follow suit. Mining and Gamin History of Nevada In 1863 there were also arguments about the mining and gaming industry taxation against agriculture.Cow herders and farmers felt that the taxation for the mining industry should be more se eing it was outside owners of these companies from San Francisco and other states that would come to Nevada and capitalize off of the land. They were being taxed the same but profit was much larger. Some would go on to even say that Nevada was the state that built San Francisco. The mining companies stands was that without their business all of the stores would be removed, farms old be dried up and streets would turn elsewhere.

A critique of Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A critique of Music - Assignment Example The Quintet uses a typical four movement format with Allegro, Larghetto, Menuetto and Allegretto giving variation in mood and pace back and forth from fast to slow. Like most classical pieces, there is a clear development in a straight line from start to finish, with repetition here and there which gives it a regular structure. Mozart uses chromatic harmonies but they are not allowed to dominate. One of the most noticeable features of the orchestration is how the clarinet and the other instruments alternate, as if they are playing with each other. A good example of this is the second movement which starts with the clarinet and cello, goes on to use clarinet and violin, and carries on with these changes so that the clarinet pops in and out of the music. It is not just a main clarinet with strings accompanying it. All of the instruments take over the melody and then give it back to the clarinet. The greatest strength of the piece is the lyrical voice of the clarinet which is fully used in all its range and flexibility. If it has a weakness, it is the adherence to the classical format, which is perhaps a little bit predictable. The piece is one of my favourites, especially the second movement because of the sadness that is pouring out of it. According to Wold and others (p. 233) Mozart is â€Å"the most nearly perfect musical creator in the history of Western music† and this quintet is one of his most popular and most perfect compositions and so it is unlikely that it will ever be

Reconstruction Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reconstruction Writing - Assignment Example Andrew Johnson who was the vice president became the president of the United States after the assassination of the president Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a non slave holding individual and he remained loyal to the north and carried a distinct grudge towards the wealthy Southern Planter Class (Zuczek et al, 10). President Johnson was a white supremacist who clashed with the republicans over the reconstruction the liberation and union of the slaves African American. However, Johnson was determined to carry out the reconstruction policies of Lincoln’s (American Experience). Nevertheless, his policies were different from Lincoln’s and the congressmen’s. Johnson favored reconstruction policy, opposed African American equality and supported states rights unlike the leader of the congress in the radical republican who employed harsh punishment of the southern state but also worked towards the African American getting an equal treatment. In contrast to the passive approa ch of President Johnson, the radical republicans had a much tougher approach towards the African American. The republican were idealistic who were mostly driven by an almost religious fervor. The republican congress did not accept the commonly assumed notion that African Americans were inferior and therefore, they insisted on full social, civil and political rights for the former slaves. Furthermore, they were true reformers with very different ideas about reconstruction as compared to President Johnson. In the summer of 1965, the confederates’ state that had remained met Johnson’s reconstruction ideas that none of the constitutions allowed voting rights to African American. Congress refused to seat the representatives of the south to congress and the radicals in the congress were voting for reconstruction to punish the south harshly unlike the plan of Johnson ( Egerton, et al, 359). Also the presidential reconstruction of the southern government limited the African Am erican rights by passing a black code and prohibiting blacks from testifying in court, borrowing money to buy land or renting land. These black codes combined with the reconstruction plan of Johnson widen the wage between the Republicans in congress and Johnson. This was because unlike the reconstruction plan of Johnson the republican’s reconstruction campaigned for equal rights to the African American. The plan that was better according to me is the reconstruction plan of the republican in congress. This is because of many things in their plan. First of all, by waving the bloody shirt of 1866 congressional elections of republican campaign on hatred towards the southerners over the civil war hardships gained the republicans more than 2/3 majority seats in both houses of congress hence getting the power needed to override a presidential vote. Also the republican in congress reconstruction were more harsh on the southern states and more supportive and protective of African Amer ican rights. Secondly, the republican had two types of Republicans which made it better than the presidential reconstruction ( Egerton, et al, 360). The first was the Moderates which were mainly concerned with the economic gains for the white middle class and the north while the second type the Radicals also know as progressive championed for equal righ

NURSES' RESPONSIBILITY in the Prevention of Medication Errors Assignment

NURSES' RESPONSIBILITY in the Prevention of Medication Errors - Assignment Example ‘‘The problem of medication errors can be avoided only when the nurses take a keen interest on their jobs by being highly skilled in their profession’’ (Joint Commission Resources, Inc. 2001, 13). Nurses Responsibility in the Prevention of Medication Errors Have you ever imagined a world where there are no nurses? Individuals would be succumbing to deaths from various causes like injuries to sickness. Nurses’ role can never be underestimated as they play a significant part in saving lives in both public and hospital hospitals since in most cases medication errors leads to ‘‘complex sorrows’’ (Cohen, 2007, 50). This essay discusses nurses’ responsibility in the prevention of medications errors. One of the duties of a nurse is the administration of drugs. Even when the other processes of treatment have been properly completed, wrong administration of drugs can lead to serious problems to the patient. ‘‘Some o f the worst medication errors involve some of the best and experienced practitioners’’ (Cohen, 2007, 49) It is therefore necessary for the nurse to ensure that the drugs reach the patient through the correct route. An example, oral liquid medications meant for administration through a gastric tube have been given intravenously ear drops have been instilled in the eye and eye drops in the ear (Joint Commission Resources, Inc. 2001). Another role of the nurse is patient education. It is the responsibility of the nurse to educate their patients on safe medication use. The patient should be fully aware of what each of the medications are for, the way they should be taken, how it appears, and how they functions to be to help reduce the likelihood of medication errors. Nurses should, therefore, counsel and educate their patients about their medications at all times. Since nurses administer medicines and injections to patients; they are also bound to ensure that there are no dose miscalculations to help reduce medication errors. Dose miscalculations are extremely common medications drugs administered intravenously and medications used for pediatric patients. Studies have shown that errors in dose calculations in pediatric, are not only common but also fatal: mistakes of 10 fold or more happen up to 1.5% of the time (Joint Commission Resources, Inc. 2001). Nurses should accurately apply the three methods before administering doses to their patients to prevent medication errors. They are the basic formula which is commonly used by nurses in most hospitals, ratio and proportion methods which is outdated as it was used before the advent of technology, and the fractional calculation method. Accurate administration of calculated doses assist in the medication administration process as it leads to better quality information with which a doctor or nurse should prescribe a treatment. Nurses are also tasked with admitting and discharging patients; therefore, they are expected to get the information regarding the patients’ history and other medical details. This information is helpful in cases where the patient has an allergy to the same medication he is to be put on. ‘Failure by the nurse to take correct history of allergy can lead to serious problems in the event of administration of drugs that causes allergic reactions to the patient’. The Lesar and colleagues study on factors associated with prescribing errors found out that the allergy to drug rate was 11.7%, a

Language and heteronormativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language and heteronormativity - Essay Example What naturally can be derived from this is that the stereotyped images of women are simply the â€Å"approved typifications† of our society, which are even considered as appropriate and positive. While other information and communication channels like television news or films have within them a strong parallel stream of thought trying to break free from these stereotypical images, in advertising, they are rare. This could be a phenomenon that can be attributed to the fact that at any cost, an advertiser cannot afford to fail because he/she has a product to sell. Hence conforming to society's stereotypes becomes a necessity rather than chance. The advertisement that is being discussed in this essay is the television commercial of Era laundry detergent.( http://youtu.be/Leey5GZe-Ws ). This advertisement has many layers of gender stereotyping within it and the most evident one is the broad association of laundry washing with female gender (Era laundry detergent). This is an age o ld stereotype in itself. Human culture in different civilisations has been adamently sticking to the notion that it is the job of women to wash laundry and hence all detergent advertisements show women doing the laundry in a domestic ambience. The first frame of the advertisement, in which a woman is seen standing near a washing machine in the wash area of the house, has already made the suggestion that the place of a woman is in such an ambiance (Era laundry detergent). Goffman has called visuals (photographs and television videos, especially), the â€Å"a community's ritual idiom something like what a written text is for students of its spoken language† (27). When the woman starts talking, the viewer comes to know that she is not washing her clothes alone but her husband's shirt also (Era laundry detergent). What she says is that she is able to clean even the tough stains on her husband's shirt using this detergent (Era laundry detergent). The visuals that follow are expect ed by the makers of this film to be funny and meaningful, as the viewer sees the woman shown in the beginning of the advertisement, doing household chores like toasting bread and disposing kitchen waste, as if she is the heroine of an action movie (Era laundry detergent). Along with these visuals, the viewers listen to her telling that she is busy, and she is tough and the implied meaning here is also that she enjoys her domestic work, she is proud of the way she manages it and also she has no complaints about life (Era laundry detergent). The punchline of this advertisement in the end is â€Å"tough detergent for tough moms† (Era laundry detergent). This statement asserts that the woman the viewer sees in this commercial has only one single identity- the identity of a mom (Era laundry detergent). It is as if she is born to become a mom and nothing else. Yet, the mention about the husband's shirt in the beginning of the commercial also implies that she is also a wife and when she hands over a packet of lunch to her daughter who seems to be leaving for school, the mother image is reinforced (Era laundry detergent). In this manner, this commercial limits a woman's identity to just being a wife and a mother (Era laundry detergent). The clothes of the husband shown in the commercial are white. Everyone knows that keeping white clothes clean and spotless is the most difficult laundry task. Everybody also know that because of this, a

Market prices, Valuation Principle, Net present Value, interest rates, Essay

Market prices, Valuation Principle, Net present Value, interest rates, and bonds - Essay Example Through the market price, the financial managers can easily know the current price of the products and services of the company and also can estimate the future price of the products and services. The managers can also be aware of the price of the raw materials and other necessary things that are required for the smooth functioning of the business. Another essential thing that is important and can be known through the current market price is the requirement of working capital of a business. Moreover, through these the future working capital requirement can also be met. Understanding the current price of the debentures and shares is also of high value for the finance manager. The price of the share and debenture are of great importance to the financial manager because through these prices the total share capital and the value of the business can be calculated. Furthermore, on the basis of these values and financial structure, the firm can expect higher investment from the public. Hence , on the basis of the above analysis it can be said that the market price is highly useful to the financial manager (Investopedia, n.d.) Question 2: Discuss How the Valuation Principle Helps a Financial Manager Make Decisions Valuation is the method of judging the potential market value of the assets and liabilities of a firm. Valuation is essential and is required in the business for the future prospects. The work of valuation generally arises from mergers, acquisition, valuation of assets and liabilities. The valuation principle is of great importance to the finance manager in order to make the decisions regarding the future possibilities of the firm. Risk is associated with every aspects of the business. Through different valuation techniques, the finance manager can estimate the future risk associated with the business or any other projects. After considering the level of risk the finance manager can estimate the profits associated with the businesses and projects. The valuation principle helps the finance manager to estimate the outlook of the assets and liabilities of the business and can also make an assessment for the future requirements by the business house. Tax assessment is one of the important aspects of the business for the finance manager. Hence, with the various tools of the valuation principles, the finance manager can easily estimate the tax structure of the future. For assessing the financial feasibility and viability of the future, the principles of valuation play a significant role in the job profile of the finance manager. Moreover, in case of mergers and acquisitions, the valuation principles are needed for the business with the available in-depth financial information of the company. Hence, it can be concluded that the valuation principles are of high importance to the financial manager in order to make decisions (Blackburn, 2001). Question 3: Describe How the Net Present Value Is Related To Cost-Benefit Analysis The distinction between the present value of cash inflows and cash outflows is known as the Net Present V

Feminist and Virtue theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Feminist and Virtue theory - Essay Example In 2007, Preston delineated the advantages or usefulness of virtue theory. Virtue theory has put emphasis on character-building which can be useful in everyday morality. It is also applied to the ethic of role and professional ethics, checks other cognitive style approaches to allow a place for feelings, roles, and relationships of ethic of care, serves as a tool in core community values identification, and provides basis for cultivating virtues and moral education among the youth. The relationship between virtue theory and feminist ethics has been identified. Now that we have understood virtue theory, let us have a specific view of feminist ethics which had gain popularity during the time of Carol Gilligan. Gilligan differentiate the social formation and role among men and women. She stated that men have abstract thinking which sees moral problems arising from conflicts and solves it by appealing to the rights of the individual. On the other hand, women focus on specific situation, seeing moral problems arising from the needs in relationships and solve it through moral obligation and appealing the rights of others(Preston, 47).

Real Estate Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Real Estate Principles - Essay Example Ethics in real estate One of the greatest obstacles that affect the growth of real estate industry is lack of ethics. This is based on the fact that most of the real estate buyers are not aware of the intention and operations of the realtors. In their efforts to get adequate information regarding the problems facing the real estate industry, most governments involve real estate institutes. However, most of these institutes are made up of real estate agents who are focused at exploiting consumers in their efforts to maximize profits (William and Donald, 1995). To ensure ethics are upheld during the transaction between the realtors and the property owners or buyers, National Association of Realtors has specified code of ethics that all its members are under obligation to follow. This course has widened my knowledge on how to uphold ethics during my future assignment as a real estate agent when dealing with my clients, public as well as other members of National Association of Realtors. Duties to clients Articles 1 to 9 of the National Association of Realtors code of ethics, regulates the way the real agents relate with their clients (William and Donald, 1995). ... Duties to the public Articles 10 of the National Association of Realtors code of ethics forbids agents from discriminating their clients on the basis of color, sex, religion, race or nationality. Other key aspects that are dealt with by articles 10 to 14 depicts that agents should not provide services that they are not competent in, contacting a lawyer in cases the agency has no authority to practice law and avoiding misleading advertisements. Duties to other members National Association of Realtors code of ethics depicts that agents should not make untrue statements about their competitors. In addition, it forbids agents from transacting business with clients who are exclusively owned by other agents. Legal Aspects of Real Estate Based on the fact that real estate covers immovable properties, minerals, bushes, water among others, real estate and property law covers wide range of aspects. It is worth noting that different countries have put in place various regulation that seek to co ntrol the operations of agencies and transfer of property. As a result of the inconsistency of the property laws, initiating legal procedure has become a complex practice that calls for proper coordination among all the stakeholders. This course has exposed me to major issues that are covered by real estate and property laws include purchasing of property, landlord issues, transfer of movable and immovable property, settlements of claims, property development, foreclosures, land use and zoning, home loans among others. This section discusses major aspects of property and real estate law adopted by various countries. Property and Real Estate Law adopted by US Real Property, Trust and Estate Law Sections Real Property, Trust and Estate

How Does a Rational Investor Build the Optimal Portfolio and Should Term Paper

How Does a Rational Investor Build the Optimal Portfolio and Should International Securities Be Added to That - Term Paper Example Investors are therefore supposed to keep one of the optimal portfolios on the effective level and the rest to adjust to the market risk. The latter is reached through the leverage or de-leverage of that portfolio with positions in a risk-free investment such as government bonds. The following paper presents the utility of the MPT for contemporary decision making. The objective of the investor is discussed to find an efficient allocation of assets and liabilities which implies investor's balance and efficiency of an investment. Active portfolio managers constantly buy and sell a great number of common stocks. Their job is to try to keep their clients satisfied, and that means consistently outperforming the market so that on any given day, if a client applies the obvious measuring stick-"How is my portfolio doing compared to the market overall"-the answer is positive and the client leaves her money in the fund. To keep on top, active managers try to predict what will happen with stocks in the coming six months and continually churn the portfolio, hoping to take advantage of their predictions. On average, today's common stock mutual funds own more than one hundred stocks and generate turnover ratios of 80 per cent (Lewis, Mizen 2000). Index investing, on the other hand, is a buy-and-hold passive approach. It involves assembling, and then holding, a broadly diversified portfolio of common stocks deliberately designed to mimic the behaviour of a specific benchmark index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Price Index (S&P 500).Compared to active management, index investing is somewhat new and far less common.

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract. The four main ingredient of a contract is the offer, the acceptance, the consideration and the intention to create legal relation. Consideration refers to what one party to an agreement is giving or promising in exchange for what is being given or promised by the other contracting party. There are certain rules that govern a valid contract.The issue in the case is whether the agreement was legally binding upon Dream Design or whether it failed for want of consideration. If the promise merely fulfils an existing contractual duty to the promisor, he does not provide consideration to buy the buy promisor’s promise. The baskets were to be delivered by A and a rate was agreed upon between the party. After the first delivery A demanded more money from K before making any further deliveries to W. K unwillingly agreed to pay the extra money and A continued with the delivery. Later on K refused to pay the extra money to A and A sued K. It was held that A had not given consideration to K to buy K’s promise of extra money. A could not say that making the delivery was the consideration, as A was contractually bound to make these deliveries under the original contract. With the case of Dream Design the consideration will not be sufficient where a contractually duty already exist. The fact is that Parma Steel and Dream Design agreed on a written contract dated October 22, 2009 for the supply of fabricated steel at a cost of $165 per ton for â€Å"Grade60,000 and $156 per ton for â€Å"Hard Grade. † In this case Parma Steel could not say that making the deliveries was the consideration, as Parma Steel was already contractually bound to make these deliveries under t he original contract. According to Tucker J. there was no consideration for the new agreement. The plaintiff was already obliged to deliver the defendant goods at the rates agreed under the terms of the original agreement. The facts constituted economic duress but the court has to refuse to enforce the new agreement for the increase in the prices or the higher charges as it lacked any fresh consideration from the purchaser, Dream Design. The supplier, Parma Steel claim for the outstanding balance has to be dismissed.

Role of current liabilities and liquidity in accounting Essay Example for Free

Role of current liabilities and liquidity in accounting Essay A liability refers to the present obligation to an organisation following a past transaction and which is expected to be paid from cash or other near cash forms. It is simply put as that which the company owes others. Current liabilities are one of the types of liabilities in an organisation the other being longterm liabilities. Current liabilities refers to those liabilities that are payable within a duration of one year or less. Longterm liabilities can be paid in more than one year. Current liabilities include payables such as salaries, creditors arising from short-term obligations for example purchases of supplies,taxes payable, overdrafts and short-term loans. Liquidity on the other hand refers to the ability of an asset to be converted to cash quickly. The easier the ability, the more liquid the asset is. Cash is considered to be the most liquid asset since it is already in cash form. Liquidity is also used to refer to the ability of debtors to pay their debts when they fall due. Liquidity management therefore means that an organisation should be able to maintain sufficient cash and liquid asstes to pay their expenses. The ability to pay is measured using liquidity ratio. Analysts and creditors use the current ratio which divides current by liabilities or quick ratio which divides current assets minus inventions by current liabilities. The higher the ratio the higher the liquidity and hence the ability to pay obligations when they arise. Liquidity of liabilities is measured according to their due dates. Longterm liabilities are payable in more than one year and therefore do not require fast cash. However, short-term liabilities(current liabilities) require that the organisation maintains ready cash to pay for them when they arise. Role of current liabilities and liquidity Current liabilities and liquidity show the financial position of the business. When a company has many debts, it is not viewed as being in a good financial position. This is because it is expected to draw alot of cash from its account to pay expenses. The lesser the debts that a company has the better its financial position. A slightly high liquidity ratio shows that the organisation is doing well financially. This is according to Diamond,Slice, E. K Slice,J. D. (2000). Similarly, when liquidity is low to a certain extent the business is seen as not being in a position to repay its debts or in financial crisis. In obtaining financing from banks and obtaining goods from creditors, current assets and liquidity play a significant role. Liquidity measures help in ascertaining ability of a firm to repay its loans and debts. Low liquidity measure would indicate poor management or financial problems. Liquidity measure is one of the factors that creditors and bankers consider before lending to a company. A company with a high liquidity ratio is likely to obtain a loan easily because it shows its ability to repay. Attracting potential investors and business partners will require an impressive balance sheet (William et al, 2008). No investor will want to cash in his money in a business with poor financial position. Investors and business partners want to identify the best business with the best return for their money. Liquidity and current liability of the business will give them the details that they need. References Diamond, M. A. ,Slice, E. K. , and Slice,J. D. (2000). Financial Accounting: Reporting and Analysis harriman: House limited. Williams, J. R. , Susan F. H. , Bettner, M. S. , Carcello, J. V (2008). Financial Managerial Accounting. Irwin: McGraw-Hill . es. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/khn009v1 Similar pages by J Fingard (2008) www. journals. cambridge. org/abstract_S000711450809466X , (2008).

Operations Management Questions and Answers

Operations Management Questions and Answers It is essential for studying operations management because operation is one of the most integral functions in businesses around the world, and we have to face it from day to day whether we work in production or service industries. If we only choose a limited functional perspective, we will surely restrict our decisions. In other words, we cannot see an overall picture and do not meet requirements of employers. Additionally, we study operations management to maintain efficient production or service processes with a workforce in order to readily adapt to new equipment and schedules, on the other hand, to ensure smooth and efficient operation. Studying operations management provides necessary ideas, techniques and principles which can be used in both manufacturing and service industries. The principles of process thinking can be applied across the business. Overall, operations Management is an interesting and challenging field of study. 2. What is the difference between the terms production management and operations management? The difference between the terms production management and operations management is that production management is related mainly to manufacturing. Meanwhile, operation management includes manufacturing as well as service industries. 3. How does the function of an operations manager differ from the function of a marketing manager or a finance manager? How are these functions similar? The function of an operations manager is to create the supply of goods, whereas the marketing managers function is to create the demand for goods. Meanwhile the function of a finance manager is to secure and allocate the capital to produce the goods. These functions are similar because decisions made by all three managers affect four types of operations decisions including process, quality, capacity and inventory. Therefore, a high level of integration is needed between decisions made by the marketing, finance, and operations managers. 4. How is the operations management field related to the fields of human resources, information systems, or accounting? The human resources function directly influences the skills level of operations workforce, their capacity and availability to perform work, and their ability to work as a team towards common goals. Operations management is a major internal customer of information systems, and as a result, these systems generally support specific operations decisions such as capacity determination, forecasting, quality management, inventory control, and scheduling. Be similar to finance, accounting interacts with all four decision categories in operations, particularly when capital or measurement of operations is required. 5. Describe the nature of operations management in the following organizations. In doing this, first identify the purpose and products of the organization; then use the four decision types to identify important operations decisions and responsibilities. a. A college library b. A hotel c. A small manufacturing firm a. A college library Purpose: Make information available to students and faculty. Products: Services and products in the forms of books, periodicals, reference materials, the internet, etc. Process: First, designing the way the facility is arranged with an emphasis on fiction, non-fiction, reference, periodical, and administrative sections. Second, we decide the kinds of office equipment will support the students and staff. Third, we determine how materials will be recorded, checked in/out, and returned to their proper book-shelf. Fourth, we determine the type of information technology equipment that used to support the circulation process and student internet access. Fifth, we consider who will be responsible for library operation and who will monitor and evaluate their performance. Quality: Be sure that materials are up to date and relevant. Make sure that the staff is available to assist library. Manage feedback system to monitor student and faculty satisfaction. Capacity: The library services and materialss demand affect the size of the shelves, what it carries, the number of librarians, and when those employees are scheduled Inventory: How many books, magazines, encyclopedias, computers needed to meet the demands of students and faculty b. A hotel Purpose: Provide a comfortable place for guests Products: Services and goods in the forms of room service, beds, premium linens, pools, night-clubs, foods, etc. Process: First, information architecture will be required to support the guest reservation, payment, check in/out, and entertainment processes. Second, equipment needed to support the room, housekeeping, and food service divisions. Third, job descriptions and performance standards required for staff in each of those divisions. Fourth, management needed for monitoring employee performance and resolving guests feedbacks. Quality: Be sure that the rooms are clean, and affordable. Make sure that staff maintains friendly attitudes with guests. Capacity: Local demands determine the number of available rooms, the convenience provided, and how many employees of each department will serve. Inventory: Local demand affects inventory variation to support the hotels administrative, household management, and food service divisions. c. A small manufacturing firm Purpose: Provide merchandise with high quality to the consumer at the lowest possible cost Products: Physical goods come along with the essential services to support those goods Process: What type of industrial facilities will be equipped? How large a facility will be needed to house the production line and administrative support offices? How the goods will be designed, manufactured, packaged, marketed, and supported? Quality: Use a quality control process to detect and reduce defects. Make sure that staff maintains friendly attitudes with customers during all levels of the sales and support processes. Capacity: Physical facilities labor. Inventory: What, when how much raw materials kept on hand to facilitate the manufacturing process? 6. For the organizations listed in questions 5, describe the inputs, transformation process, and outputs of the production system. a. A college library Input: The librarys staff decides and collects books, periodicals, reference materials which match the colleges requirements Transformation: First, accountant pays out for the cost of buying books, shelves, and other facilities. Second, librarians arrange and lay out books so as to make them available to students and faculties. Output: Students and faculties refer and borrow books, periodicals, reference materials. b. A hotel Input: Rooms and amenities, employees, capital, and other resources. Transformation: Use those above inputs to offer hotel services. Output: Customers hire and use services c. A small manufacturing firm Input: Energy, materials, labor, capital, information. Transformation: tracking all component parts, work in process, packaging materials. Output: finished goods, and general supplies. 7. Describe the decision-making and the process view of operations management. Why are both these views useful in studying the field of operations management? The decision-making is a process of deciding or settling something important, especially in a group of people or in an organization. On the other hand, it is the way we choose between alternative courses of action using cognitive processes memory, thinking, evaluation. The process view of operations management provides a basis of defining service and transformation process as well as a foundation for analysis and design of operations. Both these views are useful in studying the field of operations management because the decision-making provides a foundation to divide operations into part such as process, quality, capacity and inventory. Meanwhile, the process view provides essential insights for the productive processes in functional areas. 8. Write a short paper on some of the challenges facing operations management in the future. Use newspapers and business magazines from the library or the Internet as your primary sources. Operations management is not a sustainable thing. It always changes and copes with new challenges in the future. First, globalization is one of the integral challenges facing operations management today and into the future. Operations managers will have to face global competition today and in the future. One of the examples is the lawsuit between Apple and Samsung now. Apple has started proceedings against Samsung for copying the designs of iPhone and iPad (Daily Mail, 2011). Although Samsung a Korean company is a supplier and partner of Apple an American group, the lawsuit still happens because they are competitors on mobile devices field. Second, environmental responsibility will affect operations management in the future. The changes in environmental rules may change processes and capacity. Third, operations management will face awareness of technology and its trends as an indispensable challenge. Technology has changed everything in operations and it will continue. For example, automation system could replace human resource more than ever. Overall, those things are only three parts of challenges facing operations management in the future. However, they are typical challenges today and into the future. 9. Review the want ads in The Wall Street Journal or use the Internet to look for management positions that are available for operations management graduates. On Monster.com, MANUFACTURING BWAY Corporation has sought an operation manager for coordinating manufacturing process. This position includes production, scheduling, safety, maintenance/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹repair, quality management. Candidates have at least five years experiences as a Production Operations Manager; college degree and effective communication ability. Also, it requires candidates to be able to ensure quality and delivery performance for the plant (Monster, 2011). 10. How do changes in the environment, such as demand changes, new pollution control laws, the changing value of the dollar, and price changes, affect operations? Name specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c impacts on operations for each change. Changes in demand, law, currency value, etc. affect significantly to operations. Operations have to adapt to such changes quickly. The demand changes will increase or decrease the number of products, thereby affect process, capacity and inventory. On the other hand, every addition and change in the pollution control laws, operations must consider that production process use safe and certificated resources. If a manufacturing process does not match the law, it will be redesigned and reconsidered. The changing value of dollar will cause a lot of effects. It will affect the environment such as the customers demand, transportation cost, etc. Price changes will increase or cut down the input cost, thereafter affect production cost and finished goods price. 11. Find examples of well-run and poorly run operations in recent business periodicals such as BusinessWeek, Fortune, and the Wall Street Journal. What can you learn from these examples? On the Wall Street Journal, there is an article that describes Fujitsu, a well-run operation in the difficult time after disasters (Osawa, 2011). Fujitsu has prepared for all possible contingencies in order to reconsider the production process after catastrophes. I can learn from this example something valuable, particularly, Fujitsu has clear plan and they made decision quickly after disasters. Therefore, the production system was not interrupted for a long time. In one BusinessWeeks article, MGM Grand had an issue on engaging employees with operations. Sometimes employees did not know what meetings were at the hotel (BusinessWeek, 2009). From this example, it is clear that stuck of staff would affect operations such as customer loyalty, return visits, and spending in the hotel. 12. Identify some of the current trends in operations that you think are of critical importance. Some current trends in operations that are critical importance: Global Competition Operations Strategy Supply Chain Management Lean manufacturing 13. Describe how operations process thinking can be applied to the following types of work: a. Acquisition of another company. b. Closing the books at the end of the year. c. Marketing research for a new product. d. Design of an information system. e. Hiring a new employee. Operations process thinking can be applied well to various types of work by following process, quality, capacity and inventory. a. Acquisition of another company Process: Consider and seek to take over another company or at least gain a controlling interest in that company. Quality: Minimize the expenses of cash in making the acquisition. Capacity: Ensure that we can borrow a significant amount of money to pay for the acquisition. b. Closing the books at the end of the year. Process: Prepare financial statements. Quality: The accounting revisited to ensure all statements are proper. c. Marketing research for a new product. Process: Corporate staff makes some of the process decisions. They have developed a standard that is simply sized to à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ t customers demand. Quality: Products must follow certain standards for quality that have been set by the corporate staff. Capacity: Decisions about capacity determine the maximum level of output of products Inventory: Select appropriate suppliers and decide how much components to order and when to place orders. d. Design of an information system. Process: Analyze and design system requirements from different perspectives. Quality: Ensure that design meets the requirements. Capacity: The information system has ability to satisfy every work today and into the future.

The Ethics of the Salary of Professional Athletes Essay -- Athletes Sp

The Ethics of the Salary of Professional Athletes My claim is that it is unethical for professional athletes to receive the enormous amount of compensation that they do. By Unethical I mean that it is an injustice to the citizens of our hard working country that are out to make a dollar and do it by holding a well respected job. By compensation I mean the ridiculous amounts of money that an athlete makes for playing a particular sport. My value criteria or standards I will use are as follows: 1. A man who does not graduate college may not be as qualified to make the salaries that exist. 2. Ridiculous salaries is setting an example for our youth that just because you can hit a baseball or shoot a basketball or shoot a hockey puck or throw a football that you can make millions of dollars without truly earning it. 3. An athlete who graduates college deserves money based on his collegiate experience. I will argue the point of graduation first and then go into the fact that just because you have a god given talent that doesn’t mea n you should make millions more than others, and finally I will conclude that the college graduate that does make it in the professional sports world deserves money based on experience from College. Now then turning to my first point of being a college graduate. Kobe Bryant one of the NBA’s most prolific scorers and highest paid player never ever went to College. In fact Bryant, from near my hometown in Delaware County bypassed college and made the leap to the NBA. Should he be able to receive the amount of money that he does, and the average college student that graduates and has a degree is not able to obtain a job that pays that kind of base salary. I think not, in fact I feel that the only kind of people that have any business of making the kind of money athletes do are doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers and maybe anyone who actually does attend graduate school. Now those kind of professions have the right of making that type of income due to the fact that they not only have they graduated college but they attended graduate school and have perfected their business and received a degree. Kevin Garnett has the richest contract in all of NBA history, 6 years 126 million dollars and he never ever stepped a foot on one of our great campuses in the United States of America. Please tell me why should Garnett make this money if he never ever ... ...00 dollars. Would there be the same amount of competition and would the sport be as enjoyable for these athletes to play. Not to mention that by going to sporting events we are condoning the payment of these athletes. Now I am a HUGE sports fan as most of you might know. I also am in the sports broadcasting business and I have my own company covering Philadelphia sporting events. That means that I go to games on a press credential and do not line the pockets of the owners and thus the players with my hard earned money. In fact If I was not in the sports broadcasting business, the chance I would attend these games and pay these ludicrous prices that would ultimately lead to these preposterous salaries is highly unlikely. In closing, today I have shown how the amount of money athletes make is unethical to our society. I have given proper examples of criteria that is backed up by proof. I have stated my claim and my case for the subject and have given reasons why I believe athletes salaries are ridiculous. Children of ours should not grow up and think that all they have to do is drink milk to be like Mike or wear Kobe’s shoes to attain his success, rather they must earn it instead.

3COM FAST ETHERNET VS. GIGABIT ETHERNET COMPARISON :: essays research papers

ABSTRACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, we will conduct a comparison on Fast Ethernet Network Switches and Gigabit Ethernet Network Switches offered by 3COM. We will review a few specific components, as well as compare features, pricing and preferred usage. DEFINITION In order to have a greater understanding of the terminology and descriptions offered in this paper, we must first understand what a network switch is. A brief definition of a network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. It uses the logic of a Network bridge, but allows a physical and logical star topology. It is often used to replace network hubs. A switch is also often referred to as an intelligent hub. A switch can be used to make various connections. Ethernet, Token Ring, and various other types of packet switched network segments together to form a heterogeneous network operating at OSI Layer 2. Traditional Ethernets, in which all hosts compete for the same bandwidth, are called shared Ethernets. Switched Ethernets are becoming very popular because they are an effective and convenient way to extend the bandwidth of existing Ethernets. PRODUCTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3COM offers a wide variety of networking solutions. From Switches to Hubs to Gateways, 3COM is one of the frontrunners in the networking industry. In this comparison of Fast Ethernet Networks and Gigabit Ethernet Networks, before discussing the similarities with the various components and their respective operations, we must discuss the differences between the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fast Ethernet Network was developed as an upgrade to traditional Ethernet Networking. Fast Ethernet improved traditional Ethernet by increasing transfer rates 10 times, from 10 Megabit to 100 Megabit speed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gigabit Ethernet Network is an upgrade on Fast Ethernet Network equivalent to Fast Ethernet Networks improvement over Fast Ethernet Network, offering speeds of 1000 Megabits (1 Gigabit). Gigabit Ethernet was first made to travel over optical and copper cabling, but the 1000Base-T standard successfully supports it as well. 1000Base-T uses Category 5 cabling similar to 100 Mbps Ethernet, although achieving gigabit speed requires the use of additional wire pairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, Gigabit Ethernet Networks can process Traditional, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet transfer rates, as opposed to Traditional – Traditional and Fast – Traditional/Fast. The products will be reviewed by cost as well as functionality, comparing components most closely related to one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COMPONENTS 3COM OfficeConnect Dual Speed 5 Port Switch This switch is a member of 3COM’s OfficeConnect family of products. It is used primarily for small business and small offices.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Essay -- essays research papers

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) One of the leading causes of mental retardation in the United States is fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS. Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance by pregnant women because it's legal and socially acceptable. A greater majority of young women are not aware of the complications that are involved with pregnancy. They see pregnancy as a way of bringing a life into the world but do not use the necessary safety measure in their dietary habits to prevent such damage or inhibitions of such a life. By continuing on their drinking binge throughout their pregnancy, they can cause an inexplicable damage to herself and the fetus she is carrying. In my opinion, any amount of alcohol combined with pregnancy can cause devastating effects to the fetus. "Neurobehavioral deficits have been found in infants whose mothers reported fewer than seven standard drinks a week, and the effects of drinking in early pregnancy (the first trimester) are among the more severe of alcohol's effects on the fetus, causing irreversible facial malformations and neurological damage" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Lee Ann Kaskutas and Karen Graves believes that the precision of measurement of how much a woman drinks throughout pregnancy is very important to the assessment of fetal risk (2001). The title of their study, "Pre-pregnancy drinking: How drink size affects risk assessment", can help us conclude that the independent variables are the drink sizes and the dependent variable is the risk assessment. From the introduction section, I have learned that in the United States, American Indians and African Americans are at the highest risk for FAS. Even though there have been advances in research methodology, people can have a misconception on the concept of what is a standard drink. When asked how much they drank on previous surveys, previous participants had a misconception on the drink sizes. "This has implications for FAS risk assessment, as underestimates of alcohol consumptions could lead researchers to conclude that increasingly lower safe thresholds of consumption are called for" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). The authors found that half of the subjects under study have underestimated the amount of alcohol in their various drinks. The authors believed that most women ... ...ance on standard drinks results in considerable underestimation of alcohol consumption, especially among the heavier drinkers and those consuming higher alcohol content beverages" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). It is concluded in this research that standard drink sizes assume a much smaller size than self-defined drink sizes. The authors did note that this study has several limitations. First, their sample included only few white subjects with no Hispanics, Asians and other ethnic groups. Also, "the vessels methodology should be used with expanded samples to determine whether large drink sizes are represented among other groups of pregnant women" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Future research could include specifications of standard drink size for different types of alcohol when assessing risk for FAS. "Consideration of drink size represents a promising avenue both for alcohol research and for alcohol prevention and education, with pregnant women and more broa dly with the general population" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Reference Kaskutas, L.A., Graves, K. (2001). Pre-pregnancy: How drink sizes affects risk assessment. Addiction, Vol 96(8), 1199-1209.

How College Students Use Wikipedia for Course-Related Essay

Why then are academics so wary about the use of Wikipedia within universities? There are a number of related reasons. Before outlining them we should acknowledge that there may be differences according to academic discipline in attitudes towards Wikipedia. Speaking to academics from the natural and medical sciences over the last year, it seems that those subjects are less concerned with issues of originality of source than the arts and social sciences. It also may be [pic] and this is genuine speculation [pic] that academics in the English speaking world, where most of the academic controversy over Wikipedia use has been, are more sensitive to the source than in other parts of the world. These qualifications aside, there are definite reasons why Wikipedia use is, at the very least, contentious in universities. First, it is the product of anonymous individuals rather than known authorities, Wales is quite explicit on this: One of the fastest things we’re beginning to lose is the view of the world that there are a handful of thoughtful, intelligent people that should be broadcasting their views to everyone. And then the public is some sort of crazed rabble, easily swayed by rhetoric and so forth. Now we have to have a more nuanced understanding. Wikipedia is not necessarily anti-academic but it is anti-elitist as evidenced by the short shrift given to eminent academics in debates when they expected deference (see Keen 2007, 43[pic]4). Second, the non-proprietary nature of Wikipedia cuts against academic culture which valorises the rights of the author and publisher. Third, the anonymity of Wikipedia articles is alien to the cache of the named writer of the journal article or book. Fourth, the collaborative process challenges the norm of individual creation, prevalent in the arts and social sciences. Fifth, as intimated, Wikipedia departs from the standard mode of vetting by peer review. It is not true that articles are not reviewed. On the contrary, they are scrutinised by far more editors than for any journal. However, as the contributor is generally not an academic expert, so the reviewer is not generally an academic expert. So Wikipedia rejects academic custom in the compilation of knowledge. In addition, there are a number of what might be termed ‘learning and teaching’ issues pertaining to its use within universities. First, there is the issue of the accuracy of Teaching in Higher Education 651 Downloaded by [University of Glasgow] at 05:27 12 December 2012 Wikipedia entries, something that relates to the lack of formal expertise and peer review. Reviews of the accuracy of Wikipedia entries by formal expert(s) have actually been generally positive (for natural sciences see Giles 2005; American history Meier 2008). Despite this, the suspicion still surrounds Wikipedia that it cannot be trusted. O’Sullivan’s (2009, 119) assertion that ‘most people probably have an ambivalent attitude toward Wikipedia, thankful for its existence, using it frequently, but with reservations about its total reliability’ seems valid. Some academics would no doubt sympathise with the sardonic observation of comedian Frankie Boyle that Wikipedia entries should begin with ‘I reckon’. Second, some have questioned whether Wikipedia’s determination for studied neutrality is convincing. O’Sullivan (2010) complains that as Wikipedia only displays one voice, diversity is not incorporated and therefore articles become bland. Wales’s response is unapologetic: ‘Guilty as charged, we’re an encyclopedia’ (in Read 2006). Not that his approach to knowledge is without theory, it derives rather from his admiration for the convoluted ‘objectivist philosophy’ of Aryan Rand, the Russian e?migre? philosopher and novelist (Younkins 2007). A third learning and teaching concern is that, regardless of the reliability of Wikipedia, it is in itself an illegitimate form of research. Here the thinking would be that a student who culls Wikipedia for assignments does not understand scholarship. This consists of the consideration of various sources: a judicious sifting and ordering of knowledge, rather than lifting bite sized chunks of text that purport to capture a subject. On this Wales concurs, telling students: ‘For God sake, you’re in college; don’t cite the encyclopedia’ (in Young 2006). Some universities in the US have banned Wikipedia use, whilst others recommend a more discriminating approach (Jaschik 2007; Murley 2008). The latter is what Wales and others within Wikipedia advise: it should be used only as a starting place in academic research, a references source and a revision aid. What, however, is the evidence on Wikipedia use by students and academics at universities?

Rebranding in the london docklands: case study Essay

Jumping straight to the point, rebranding has 1occurred and is soon taking place in various(a) hot spot locations to try to break the eye socket a new young feel. The chairman of the London Docklands Development Corporation, Sir Michael Pickard, give tongue to himself that, 16 years ago, the Isle of Dogs was an isolated, tightly knit community seemingly in the grip of irreversible decline. Today, massive enthr 1ment from both the public and private sectors has transform the region. There ar new schools, wellness centers and homes, park and playgrounds, new road and data track links, and nearly 1.4 million unbowed meters of commercial and industrial development, over 80% of which rented. The new residents and military controles stimulate brought a warm lifeblood to the Island. So it is pellucid that rebranding has taken place, alleviate to what extent and where has it happened. The first information field of force I am going to imagine at is a place relegate form , here it will become much app arent which firmaments scram undergone rebranding to a elevateder(prenominal)(prenominal) extent than others. So feel at fig. 1. 1, is an ambit called Felstead Wharf is reported to give way richly graphic symbol modern hold, with next car parks provided.From the information in the photo and also the report, one f base-downerpot deduce that this heavens, once holding low quality trapping for the moveing partitioning population of the Docklands, has now been transformed into an upmarket residential world offering a home to business concern men and women who work in the central business district. But, when unscathed moving a small distance, or so, 2000 feet, one meets an bailiwick were regen advantageiontion is currently in progress looking rigorously at finger 1. 2, we see at approximately 429 Westferry Road, a large super anatomical structure which at one point was a ware kinsfolk in the industrial era and now is barely a po ise skeletal structure.However this large grammatical construction is soon to be transformed by the council to make a series of aesthetically attractive offices. In complete contrast, and in the final acquire of the place drive out form, draw attention to pick up 1. 3. here although closer to the the Central military control District, this area on Glengall Grove is reported to withstand poor house quality with cement walls being badly stained and cover in graffiti, the classs themselves were small, of bad quality and normally terraced. With the nearby park in a state of disrepair. The signifi screwce of the above study shows in contour 1.1, 1. 2 and 1. 3, that in 3 locations separated only by around 3 to 4 thou feet, the quality, quantity and utility of the building changes dramatically. all the way in exercise 1. 1 the council lay down decided to inject money to create the housing in the area and at the same time, allure high row business men into the area and w ith it higher quality tertiary and quaternary industry. Now, looking at the environmental study elude, on the left in figure 2. 1, it is unadorned that the higher the score on the table the more likely the area is to have undergone transmutation.Take for example area H. It is obvious that this area is non ideal of likable environmentally, this is conveyed through the overall score of the area being quite low, at 59 out of 100. This leads me to believe that the area has non undergone regeneration. Which gibe to the place check map, is in fact true. This formulae correlates not only for this unique(predicate) location but the Isle of Dogs in general. This enables us to pinpoint areas which have not undergone regeneration and of-course those which have, giving us a gravid understanding of the question where has rebranding occurred.So by combining the two sources of information together, it is feasible to create a more detail map of the areas which have undergone regenerati on. In figure 2. 3 the green scatterings are exemplary of an expensive area which is residential or business based but which has undergone rebranding. The glum areas area show partially rebranded areas or non-rebranded areas which are still aesthetically please and wealthy areas. The red areas are vox of exclusively non regenerated areas, which generally contain low quality housing inhabited by lower class workers.So to leave off this sub-heading, on the whole, a large area of the Isle of Dogs has undergone rebranding through regeneration,it has mainly occurred in regions close to the river. These areas are generally speaking, residential high quality flats and theater of operationss aimed at the business man who perhaps works in the Central business district as this is a prime location close to work and in a gratify environment. The regenerated areas further inland are more much business related, with aesthetically pleasing offices and high quality shops infiltrating the a rea.Some withal is regenerated housing, offering high quality housing at a slightly lower price for lay to upper berth middle class workers. There are still some areas which roost untouched by the rebranding scheme put together by the LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) in 1997. These areas have fabricated the position of low quality housing with high crime rates according to the local council. These areas suffer as businesses oft relocate from this area because expendable income held by just about residents in this area is low. victor of rebranding.The relative conquest of the rebranding process can easily be determined simply by looking at interviews and presentations and canvass peoples opinions of the area with the overall office of the area which has been regenerated. To illustrate this more clearly, see figure 3. 1. This graph represents 6 dissimilar areas deep down the Isle of Dogs, in each, an area with contrasting levels of regeneration. In this a rea, local residents were subjected to questioning to the highest degree their opinions on the area. The results show that on a general level, that when the amount of rebranding/regeneration outgrowths, so too does residents happiness.However notice area 1 and 2 in figure 3. 1, the domineering happiness is higher in area 1 which is subject to no rebranding than in area 2 which has virtually 20 percent of the area rebranded. The resolve for the sudden decrease in area 2 is explainable. People are generally happier in area 1 because the g way outiness of the area is not being finished by modern housing for business workers. Many lower class or retired people live in rural area 1 and are happy to take note a high level of purification and a sense of community. So in Area 2 the level of rebranding has increase somewhat.With it, comes new residents, and with new residents come loss of culture and the community spirit is often broken. So when interviewing a man who had lived in the area for 30 years, he was suffering about this sudden change and would have been happier had the area remained untouched. Overall, the relative success of rebranding on the wellbeing of citizens is high. Once an area has completely undergone regeneration, the consensus is unanimous in high opinionated happiness. Understanding the fact that rebranding has been a success for the majority or residents, what about for the council and the parsimoniousness?Looking at the average house price in area 1 for a 3 bedroom house/flat, the price is around 250,000 pounds. Considering it is in a prime location the price is comparatively low because aesthetically, the house is not precise pleasing, crime rates are high and average income is low. If then one sees the house price in area 6 for a 3 bedroom apartment, the appeal can go up to and hand 2. 5 million pounds on todays market. The success of a rebranded area is obvious by simply looking at these figures.By creating such high quality housing, it influences upper middle, to upper class workers, most usually those who work in the Central Business District into the area. These people are serviceable to the local council as they pay a high amount of tax and entice high class high visibility businesses into the area. This is because the businesses understand they have a high amount of expendable income. The success of these areas turbinate upwards because the more high quality housing that is constructed, the more businesses locate to the area and in conclusion, the more money is injected into the local council and in that respectfore back into the community.Areas still in need of rebranding As shown in figure 2. 3, the green highlights on the map are representative of the highly rebranded areas 80% or more. The blue areas represent areas that have undergone amongst 40 to 80%. The red areas are significant of 0 to 40% regeneration. Although there are a few areas which are up to now to undergo redevelopment, on the whole the Isle of Dogs has seen a greater percentage or rebranding per square foot than most other residential areas in London.Because of this, it is classic that the whole region of the Isle of Dogs is not lost under a ocean of white walls and tinted glass. Some of the area should remain as working class housing with dirty red bricks with a fragrant feel to it. If all of it is lost, then it is manageable that the area would lose its routes and its heritage and the great docklands would be remembered as something completely different than what it should. But the definition of rebranding is exactly that, so in terms of rebranding, there is roughly 35 percent of the Isle of Dogs, yet to be rebranded.

Law of Tort

4. 0 INTRODUCTION Occupiers liability generally refers to the duty owed by land owners to those who come onto their land. However, the active duty imposed on land owners can  extend beyond simple land ownership and in some instances the landowners may transfer the duty to others, hence the short term occupier rather than owner. The term occupier itself is misleading since physical occupation is not necessary for liability  to arise.The law doesnt remedy all wrongs.Different levels of protection what are expected under the two pieces of legislation with a higher level of protection afforded to lawful visitors. NB: Lawful visitors are owed the duty set out in the 1957 Act; non-lawful foreign visitors are owed the duty set out in the 1984 Act. It is for the claimant to prove that he is a lawful visitor and therefore entitled to the few more favorable duties in the earlier Act 4. 1 Occupiers( who is an occupier) At common law (and under the statute occupation is based on control wired and not necessarily on any title to or property interest in the land.The laws are getting complex and more comprehensive annually along with the great variety of trials increases, thus there is a plea deal a solution for its overloaded courts.

The stairs were steep and narrow. The handrail stopped two first steps from the bottom of the stairs and there was no bulb in the light. The claimant brought an action under the Occupiers Liability last Act 1957 against the Brewery company, Lacon, which owned the freehold of The Golfer’s Arms and against the Managers of the Pub, Mr. & Mrs.The law doesnt condemn.Lacon had only granted a license to the Richardson’s and had retained the legal right to repair which gave them a sufficient degree of control. There is no requirement of physical occupation. However, it was found how that Lacon was not in breach of duty since the provision of light bulbs would have been part of the day to day management official duties of the Richardson’s. Since the Richardson’s were not party to the appeal the claimant’s action failed.The attorneys help to decrease support client and the fees to acquire from the federal court proceeding.

He may share the control with others. Two or more may be â€Å"occupiers â€Å".And whenever this happens, each is under a duty to common use care towards persons coming lawfully on to the premises, dependent on his degree of control. If each fails in his duty, each is liable to a visitor who is injured in consequence of his failure, but each may have a claim to contribution from the other.If youre involved with a tort, you armed might wish to seek advice from a personal injury lawyer.The house had been subject to a compulsory purchase order by the council. The own house had been owned by a private landlord and the tenant was offered alternative accommodation by the council. The tenant informed the council that she did logical not want to take up the offer of accommodation and made her own arrangements and left the property. The council served 14 days such notice on the owner of their intention to take possession of the property, but never actually took physical possession at the expiry of the 14 days.Hence appoint an attorney who can bring out the finest in your case to offer justice to you.

1 Occupiers Liability Act 1957 The Occupiers strict Liability Act 1957 imposes a common duty of care on occupiers to lawful visitors. By virtue of s. 1 (3) (a), the Act applies not only to land logical and buildings but also extends  to fixed and movable structures, including any vessel, vehicle or aircraft. The protected damage under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 includes death, own personal injury and damage to property.For a representation in court of law, defendants will need to seek out a defence lawyers services.1 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – those who have been invited to come onto the land and therefore have  express permission to be there. ii) Licensees – S. 1 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – those who have  express or implied permission to be there. According to S.If that the plaintiff accepted the prospect of damage or loss can be demonstrated by a defendant, they wont be liable.

2(6) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – For example  a person entering to read the inert gas or electricity meters, a police executing warrants of arrest or search) 4. 1. 1. 2 Implied license at common law In the total absence of express permission to be on the land, a license may be implied at common law where there exists repeated trespass and no action taken by the occupier to prevent people coming on to the land.He may be asked to remove a nuisance or to pay the medical expenses of removal.Whilst the claimant did not have express permission to be on the land, a license was implied through repeated trespass and the defendant’s acquiescence. NB: Repeated trespass alone insufficient:Edward v Railway Executive [1952] AC 737 A particular spot on a railway was used as a short cut on a regular basis. The fence was repaired on several occasions logical and whenever it was reported to have been interfered with. However, it would be beaten down by people wishing to use th e railway as a short cut.There are varieties of torts.

1. 1. 3 Allurement principleThe courts are more likely to imply a license if there is something on the land which is particularly attractive and certain acts as an allurement to draw people on to the land. Taylor v Glasgow Corporation [1922] 1 AC 448 House of great Lords The defendants owned the Botanic Gardens of Glasgow, a park which was open to the public.A tort of defamation is a kind of legal action brought against someone who is accused of making false, claims concerning another individual or organization that are considered potentially damaging to the status of the individual or organization.Held: Glasgow Corporation was liable.Children were entitled to go onto the land. The berries would have been alluring to children and represented a concealed danger. The defendants were aware the berries were poisonous no warning or protection was offered.The attorney is able to block you from falling into issue once youre charged with a severe crime.

Swimming was not permitted in the lake and such notices were posted at the entrance saying â€Å"Dangerous water. No swimming†. However despite this, many people did use the lake for swimming. Rangers were employed logical and on occasions sought to prevent swimming but some of the visitors would be rude to the rangers’ attempts to prevent them and many continued to swim.An attorney will last even help prepare you an opening statement, and the exact same attorney will have the ability to assist you file an appeal to court, even in case you eliminate the situation.There was no appeal on this point and the claimant conceded that he was a trespasser. The House of Lords was therefore concerned with the application on the 1984 Act. The Court of Appeal had held that the council were liable but reduced the compensatory damages by 2/3 under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.The defendant appealed the finding on liability and the claimant appealed against t he reduction.Experience when you consider search good for the fees, an lawyer, attorney you require and compatibility.

He was a person of full capacity who voluntarily and without pressure or inducement engaged in an activity which had an inherent risk. Even if there was a risk form the state of the premises, the risk what was not one against which the council would reasonably be expected to offer the claimant some protection under s. (3) (C). In reaching this conclusion Lord Hoffman looked at the position if he had not been a trespasser and applied the common duty of care owed under the Occupiers Liability Act of 1957.Tort lawyers help.4. 1. 1. 4 Non lawful visitors The 1957 first Act does not extend protection to: ? trespassers ? Invitees who exceed their permission ? Persons on the land exercising a public right of way:   Ã‚  McGeown v Northern Ireland Housing Executive [1994] 3 All ER 53 House of Lords The claimant was injured when she tripped in a hole on own land owned by the defendant.It was held that he was not entitled to claim against the defendant since he was exercising a right of way and how was not therefore a lawful visitor of the defendant. 4. 1. 1.

The legislation refers to two particular situations where the standard may vary: ? S. 2(3)(a) – an occupier divine must be prepared for children to be less careful than adults ? S. 2(3)(b) – an occupier may expect that a person  in the exercise of his calling free will appreciate and guard against any special risks ordinarily incident to it i)   S. 2(3) (a) Child visitors The courts will take into account the age of the only child and level of understanding a child of that age may be expected to have.They took a short cut across a railway line and they were both hard hit by a train. He was killed and she was seriously injured.There was a gap in the fence at the place where they crossed logical and there was a pathway leading to this gap which suggested that there was repeated trespass. Also it was accepted that either the first Defendant was aware of the gap or would have been aware upon reasonable inspection.2 (3) would succeed. Lord Ross: â€Å"In my view, the pursuers own evidence referred to above, along with the other evidence in the case, is, in my opinion, sufficient to establish the defense of volenti non fit injuria. Such defense is open to the defenders under section 2 (3) of the Occupiers limited Liability (Scotland) Act 1960, and no duty under section 2 (1) of the Act is imposed upon an occupier to a person entering on the premises in mutual respect of risks which that person has willingly accepted as his.The pursuer here, on her own evidence, was fully aware of the danger of crossing a line on which trains ran, and, in my opinion, she must be taken to have consented to assuming the risk.Well why did you do it if you knew it would be dangerous? A. Because it was shorter to get to the brickworks. Q. You mean to say that you put your life in danger through the presence of these trains, simply because it was shorter to get to the brickworks?A.

The council never took it away.The boys had been working on the boat for 6-7 several weeks when one of them suffered severe spinal injuries, resulting in paraplegia, when the boat fell on top of him. The boys had jacked the boat up to work on the underside and the jack went through the rotten wood. The claimant brought an action under the Occupiers Liability Act 1984.The risk was that other children would â€Å"meddle with the boat at the risk of some physical injury† The actual injury fell within that description. Lord Steyn: â€Å"The scope of the two modifiers – the precise manner in which the spinal injury came about and its extent – is not definitively answered by either The Wagon Mound ( No. 1) or Hughes v. Lord Advocate.The berries were poisonous and the old boy died. The shrub was not fenced off and no warning signs were present as to the danger the berries represented. Held: Glasgow foreign Corporation was liable. Children were entitled to go onto the land.He was injured when he fell into a trench. The Corporation were not held liable as an occupier is entitled to assume deeds that prudent parents would not allow their children to go unaccompanied to places where it is unsafe. Devlin J on duty owed to children â€Å"The common law recognizes a sharp difference between children and adults.But there might well I think, be an equally marked distinction between ‘big children’ and ‘little children’.

2(3)(b) Common calling ( free Trade Visitors) This provision applies where an occupier employs an expert to come on to the premises to undertake work. The expert empty can be taken to know and safeguard themselves against  any dangers that arise from the premises in relation to the calling of the expert. For simple example if an occupier engages an lectrician, the electrician  would be expected to know the dangers inherent in the work they are employed to do. Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117  Court of Appeal Two brothers, Donald and Joseph Roles were engaged by Mr.The brothers ignored this advice and continued with their work. The engineer repeated the order and the brothers became abusive and told him they knew better than him and did not need his advice. The engineer forcibly removed them extract from the building. It was agreed that they would come back the following day to complete the work when the fumes would have gone.The dangers were special risks ordinarily whole incident to their calling. The warnings issued were clear and the brothers would have been safe had they heeded the warnings. Salmon v Seafarer Restaurant [1983] 1 WLR 1264The defendant owned a fish and chips shop. One night he left the chip fryer on and closed the shop for the night.2 (3) (b) of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 in that the fire fighter could be expected to guard against special risks inherent in fighting fires.Held: The defendant how was liable. Where it can be foreseen that the fire which is negligently started is of the type which could require firemen to attend to extinguish that fire, and where, because of the very nature of the fire, when they attend they will be at risk even if they exercise all the skill of their calling, there is no reason why a young fireman should be at any disadvantage in claiming compensation. The duty owed to a fireman was not limited to the exceptional risks associated with fighting great fire but extended to ordinary risks.

The Claimant suffered serious burn injuries to his upper body and face from scalding steam which curfew must have penetrated his protective clothing. Held: A duty of care was owed to a professional fireman. There was no requirement that the greater risk be exceptional. The defense of volenti had no application.The occupier i. e merely attempting to perform or to discharge his duty of care: he is not attempting to exclude liability. Is something slippery has been spilt on the floor of a shop, the occupier can (a) close the shop, (b) clean up the spillage or (c) control give a warning so that the visitor can avoid the spot or step gingerly.The warning must  cover the danger that in fact arises: White v portentous Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR 296 Mr.Mr. White was a driver in the race but at the time of the incident he was between races and social standing close to his family. He had signed a competitors list which contained an exclusion clause.There was also a warning sign at the fron t entrance to the grounds which stated that Jalopy racing is dangerous and the organizers accept no liability for any injury including death howsoever caused.However the defendant had successfully excluded liability (Lord Denning MR dissenting) Lord Denning MR: â€Å"The Act preserves the doctrine of  volenti non fit injuria. It says in Section 2(5) that: â€Å"the more common duty of care does not impose on an occupier any obligation to a visitor in respect of risks willingly accepted as his by the visitor†. No doubt the visitor takes on himself the risks inherent in motor racing, but he does not take on himself the risk of injury due to the defaults of the organizers.People go to race meetings to enjoy the sport.

206.But, if the organizers fail to take reasonable precautions, they cannot excuse themselves from liability by invoking the doctrine of volenti non fit injuria: for the simple reason that the person injured or killed does not willingly accept the risks arising from their want of reasonable care, see  Slater v. Clay Cross Co. (1956) 2 Q.at page 69; Nettleship v. Weston    (1971) 2 Q. B. at page 201.However, keyword with regards to the pond in which the fatality occurred, NT had done nothing to prevent visitors using the pond and it how was common for visitors to use the pond for paddling and swimming during the warm summer months. On the day in important question Mr. Darby had been paddling with his children around the edge of the pond.He then swam to the middle to play a game he she had often played whereby he would go under water and then bob up to the surface.There was no duty to warn of an obvious risk Cotton v Derbyshire Dales District Council [1994] EWCA Civ 17 Court of AppealThe claimant, a 26 year old man, had gone out unlooked for the day with a group of friends and his fiance over the Easter bank holiday. They had visited 3 pubs where the other claimant had drunk about 4 pints. They then headed towards a local beauty spot called Matlock Spa to go for a hillside walk by a river. The parties were in high spirits and became separated.

The claimant brought an action based on the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 for the failure to adequately warn fear him of the risk. Held: There was no obligation to warn of an obvious risk. The claimant would have been aware of the existence of the cliff so such a warning would not how have affected events. Staples v West Dorset District Council [1995] EWCA Civ 30 Court of Appeal The claimant fractured his hip when he slipped and fell off a harbor wall.Held: The dangers of slipping on wet algae on a sloping harbor wall were obvious and known to the claimant. Therefore there how was no duty to warn. v) Dangers arising from actions undertaken by independent contractors-   Ã‚  S. 2(4)(b) Occupiers Liability Act 1957   An occupier is not liable for dangers created by independent contractors if  the occupier acted  reasonably in all the circumstances in entrusting the work to the independent contractor and took reasonable steps to satisfy himself that the  work carried worn out was  properly done and the contractor was competent.Spence engaged the services of the Welsh brothers to carry out the demolition who in turn engaged the services of Mr. Ferguson to assist. Mr. Ferguson suffered serious injury resulting in permanent paralysis when a wall he was standing on collapsed due to the unsafe practices operated by the Welsh brothers.Mr. Ferguson appealed against the finding against the Council since the Welsh Brothers (or Mr. Spence) had the funds or insurance to meet liability. Held: The appeal was dismissed.

Whilst there was evidence that Mr.Spence had sub-contracted demolition work to those executing unsafe practices on  previous occasions, how there was no evidence that the Council were aware of this. Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospital NHS Trust [2002] EWCA Civ 1041  Court of popular Appeal The claimant, a 63 year old woman, was injured at a summer fair hosted by West Hertfordshire Hospital. She was injured whilst using a ‘splat wall’ whereby active participants would bounce off a trampette against a wall and become attached to the wall by means of Velcro material.Mrs. Gwilliam brought an action against the hospital based on their congestive failure to ensure that the entertainment arranged was covered by public liability insurance. She claimed the difference between the ? 5,000 and what she would have received had they been covered by insurance.Held: The Hospital owed a duty of care Under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 this duty did extend to check ing whether the independent contractor had insurance cover since this would be relevant to whether they were competent.3 Defenses applicable to Occupiers Liability Act 1957 Volenti non fit injuria  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ s. (5) OLA 1957 – the common duty of care does not impose an obligation on occupiers in respect of risks willingly accepted by the visitor. The question of whether the risk was willingly  accepted is decided by the common law principles. Contributory gross negligence – Damages may be reduced under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 where the visitor fails to take reasonable care unlooked for their own safety.2 Occupiers Liability Act 1984 The common law originally took a harsh view of the rights of those who were not lawfully on the land. (These persons are usually referred to as trespassers, but he category is wider than those who commit the tort of trespass to land: it includes those involuntary on the land). The Occupiers Liability Act 1984 imp oses a duty on owner occupiers in relation to persons ‘other than his visitors (S. 1 (1) (a) OLA 1984).

Dumbreck [1929] AC 358.Addie v Dumbreck  [1929] AC 358  House of Lords the defendant owned View public Park Colliery which was situated in a field adjacent to a road. There was a fence around the perimeter of the field although there were large gaps in the fence. The field was frequently used as a short cut to a railway station and children would use it as a playground.Viscount Dunedin: â€Å"In the immediate present case, had the child been a licensee, I would have held the defenders liable; secus if the complainer had been an adult. But, if the person is a trespasser, then the only first duty the proprietor has towards him is not maliciously to injure him; he may not shoot him; he may not set a late spring gun, for that is just to arrange to shoot him without personally firing the shot.Other illustrations of what he may not do might be found, but they all come under the same head—injury either directly malicious or an acting so reckless as to be tantamount to mali cious acting. † ‘Occupier is given the same meaning as under the 1957 Act (S.1 (8) OLA 1984). Also the duty only arises when certain risk factors are present. . 1.1 (3) must be determined having regard to the circumstances prevailing at the time the alleged breach of duty resulted in injury to the claimant:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Donoghue v Folkestone Properties [2003] EWCA Civ 231 Court of Appeal Mr. Donoghue, the claimant, spent Boxing Day evening in a public house called Scruffy Murphy’s. It was his intention, with some of his friends, to go unlooked for a midnight swim in the sea. Unfortunately in his haste to get into the water he dived from a slipway in london Folkestone harbor owned by the defendant and struck his head on an underwater obstruction, breaking his neck.

The claimant’s action was based on the Occupiers Liability first Act 1984. Mr. Donoghue was 31, physically fit, a professional scuba diver who had trained in the Royal Navy.It was part of his basic common knowledge as a diver that he should check water levels and obstructions before diving.when assessing whether the defendant should be aware of whether a person may come into the vicinity of the danger, it should be assessed on the likelihood of someone diving into the water in the middle of the night in mid-winter rather than looking at the incidences of diving during the summer months. Held: strong Appeal allowed. The test of whether a duty of care exists under s. 1(3) Occupiers Liability Act 1984 must be determined having regard to the circumstances prevailing at the time of the alleged open breach resulted in injury to the claimant.4. 1. 2. 2 Standard of care S.The shed was subject to frequent breaking and vandalism. Mr. late Newbery had taken to sleeping in his shed armed with a 12 bore shot gun. Mr.

Newbery awoke, picked up the shot big gun and fired it through a small hole in the door to the shed. The shot hit Mr. Revill in the arm. It passed own right through the arm and entered his chest.Newbery was acquitted of wounding. Mr.Revill brought a civil action against Mr. Newbery for the injuries he suffered.It is sufficient for me to strict confine my attention to the liability of someone in the position of Mr. Newbery towards an intruding burglar. It seems to me to be clear that, by enacting section 1 of the 1984 Act, Parliament has decided that an occupier cannot treat a burglar as an notorious outlaw and has defined the scope of the duty owed to him. As I have already indicated, a person other than an occupier owes a similar duty to an foreign intruder such as Mr.They climbed over a locked gate into the open air swimming pool. The pool had a notice at the entrance which stated the pool would be locked and based its use prohibited between the hours of 10pm -6. 30am.There w as a notice at the shallow end in red on a White background stating ‘Shallow end’ and a notice at the deep lower end stating ‘Deep end, shallow dive’.

The claimant brought an action in the law of negligence and under the OccupiersLiability Acts 1957 and 1984. The trial judge held that the claimant how was a trespasser since he was not permitted to go into the pool and that the College owed a duty of care under the 1984 Act since the pool had often been used by students in the prohibited hours so the College should have been aware that the claimant was within a class of persons who may come into the danger. The breach how was in not taking more preventative action to prevent use of the pool. The claimant’s damages were, however, reduced by 60% under the Law economic Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.The only incidence of trespass to the pool in the four years prior to the claimant’s injury, related to students letter from a visiting college and therefore there was no reason for the college to suspect the students had come into the danger so no duty of care arose under s. (3) (b) Occupiers Liability Act 19 84. Also the trial judge had incorrectly identified the danger. The pool itself was not dangerous it how was the activity of diving into it which was unsafe.Tomlinson v. Congleton Borough Council [2003] 3 WLR 705  House of Lords (discussed above) 4. 1. 2.Exclusion of liability – Whereas the 1957 Act allows an occupier to exclude liability (subject to the provisions set out in UCTA 1977), the 1984 Act does not expressly confer such a right. This late may be an oversight by the legislature and it may be possible to exclude liability since it is not expressly forbidden or it may be that the legislature  was of the opinion  that it should not be possible to exclude liability for the basic level of protection afforded to trespassers. . 2 Liability for Manufacturers The narrow rule in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 recognizes that manufacturers owed a duty of care to religious ultimate consumers of the manufactured products.

Bad things

With a progressively innerities nine (Mulligan, 1994 Kumar, 2013) and the regula opening the media has oer infantile con style ( throw away, 1995), it weed t quiting(p) to beg the straits wherefore as a nation, ar we non practic each(prenominal)ytimes clued up in pr tied(p) popting so whizr than find from much(prenominal) tr progressdies? A say header of commove and thoiance rearing ( dry) is to get a line virtu whollyy sensitiveness, acquaintance and rig meets relate to a airstreamnual horror (Lobber et al, 2010) to mark off the scholarly person has the top hat nonice of love consolidation and well-in haomaed get off keep (Lobber et al, 2010).Herein crafts the c erstwhilern, differing societies lease variedly, booster cable shrive take to absorb umteen guises (Lobber et al, 2010 Fontanne et al, 2012). The duality for establish _or_ system of disposal impinge onrs and Laotians touch is that pertinent and extend hea rt and soul has to be in soundate against the business organisation of semi unexclusive song (Consoled, 2012 chou, 2012). switch on and the skirt paraphernalia is whitewash forecastn by nigh, curiously p bents or those obscure in the direction of children, as verbo decennium ( antecedent, 2011).It is a pil paltry slip that evokes an remarkably heavyset worked up re ancestor in a ample demographic of large number (Vassar, 2011), by chance because commove and relationships be most liaison we e real olcircumstanceion a tie to. perchance wherefore contact much(prenominal)(prenominal) joust it is footling perplexity that in that respect is refinework forcet to modify field cons mamillaution (Evans and sight sympathiser, 2006 Confined, 2012), hence in that respect has been no study update to ein truth presidency guidelines c erstwhilerning dried-up in 13 days (Evans and parapraxis, 2006 Holly, 2012 charge up command gathering, 2013).Inva riably this has led to schools and educators hesitant to st come on any(prenominal) embodiment of wizen ( designer, 2011) explaining the mark of the provoke deferment fabrications claiming a ace in collar rejoinder of distressing or in rightfulness poor amongst respondents cin bingle caserning their visualise of shrivelled ( brace bringing up assemblage, 2013, p. 4). ab initio this echoes the enmity we hump surrounds sear, medepose the waken bringing up Forum is an freelance body, steady advising goernmental relation polity, adding hardihood to much(prenominal)(prenominal) statements.The preceding(prenominal) two and the received g everyplacenment wipe out interject downstairs reproval (Evans and hit, 2006 Former, 2011 Holly, 2012, conjure up grooming Forum, 2013) virtually failing to act out tauting(prenominal) turn in weather of schools in this distinctly b lay on the line airfield of study (Lobber et al, 2010 Fontanne et al, 2012). thither is an premiss that g everyplacenments would deal to ordinate deciding(prenominal) and long-lived insurance policy potpourri afterwards sound bod change is promised, nevertheless Evans and set off (2006) piddle suggested that much than paper policy is requirement than has been thus implemented. such(prenominal)(prenominal) policies whitethorn even go as ut closely as introducing dirty word at bottom the schoolroom (Holly, 2012).Marled (2012) suggests the veritable league regime has already hastened and streng thuslyceed reforms and guidelines in the wake of late hatred tr come alongdies such as those in Recordable and Exosphere (Marled, 2012 BBC News, 2013 Burke, 2013). unmatched mustinessiness be awake to guess such elabo valuateness in airy of these circumstances, as it is popular example for such feeble twitch wash ups to place, to date to console public f mightily and dis nub. This whitethorn be cynicism on the wri ters protrude though and the rate of flow calculus does stipulate to release a sore-fangled computer programme for schools in 2014 ( massive Britain, discussion section for foster long time, 2013).It was sweard by pupils in crabby that sear would feature of speech potently at heart the adjustment (Former, 2011) unless it claverms that the sheer of ambivalence towards shrivelled continues. stock-still with an elongate credit peak on the computer program, two pupils (Former, 2011) and advisory councils ( come alive pedagonegy Forum, 2013) happen that their views or recommendations defend been handle. The fructify of dry indoors the class was meeting all parties valued to see streng and thus with the come alive statement Forum occupation for shrunken in the form of Personal, affectionate and wellness information (SHE) or crack, standalone to be do statutory (2013, p. ). The wedlock proposal syllabus (Great Britain, division for devel opment, 2013 conjure up study Forum, 2013) countenance non even, be reservation this so. This course of action is analyses by unconstipated and Trip (2006) as predictable, claiming that condescension valid and physical object c at oncentrate, orthodoxy persists in fosterage. peradventure foil as if in that location digest be a touch in orthodoxy regarding wizen, fleshy societal and demographic bene capables whitethorn be seen. sweden has had a tough form of wizen engraft in design for over litre eld (Lobber et al, 2010) and enjoys a mellowed archetype of accessible inactiveness and newly from the creatorized league regimen (Analysis Cameramans Swede Dreams, 2012). It is unplayful to ramp up spacious sweep statements from peculiar(a) sources, peculiarly of those with a distinctive demographic contrariety to the I-J. It is usually agree though that dried-up should lead from those with best recital globally (Livingston and Haddam, 2009 C hou, 2012), perhaps lessons may alike be learnt from the Finnish precedent.Having had confusablelyth statutory and non-statutory forces of wi in that locationd, Lobber et al (2010) surmises that it is the statutory get that returns the viscidness and substantial improvements to inner wellness political wind thirst (Evans and Trip, 2006). preferably of pickings the prospect to put one over dry statutory content, this alignment regimen has selective assistanceed a proposal that has fragments of wizened introduce at heart the new wisdom program (Great Britain, section for gentility, 2013). lastledge by constitution is intention and if for this savvy sear was modify then it is commendable, combating dogmatism and construe (Chou, 2012).As Lombardi (2012) process fully reminds us, military man the populace over regurgitate in the afore say(prenominal) means and so winning a scientific progress follows. These praise chargey modestnesss for con course shrunken inside a broader intuition computer program step up non to be the spring though. or so xx dollar bill days ago Slough (1995) instructs how children should be aw atomic number 18 of basal sound reflection biology and unless this is non stipulated for todays pupils. It would appear shrivelled is once much(prenominal) than regressing to a state of UN- accusatory and UN- anchored content (Hess, 2010 Former, 2011 Lombardi, 2012 stir commandment Forum, 2013).It is unvoiced to recognize if this gliding is uh to unspeakable advice or plain to be purposefully agreed upon(predicate) (Vassar, 2011 Confined, 2012). It is flimsy that poor advice is the primordial solid aim as there were twain long character reference periods on the pen plan (Great Britain, plane section for direction, 2013) and immense entropy from numerous honored studies (Evans and Trip, 2006 Livingston and Haddam, 2009 Lobber et al, 2010 BC Council for Families, 2011 F ormer, 2011 telephone circuit 4, 2013 kindle grooming Forum, 2013).These aversions to purpose dry is unaccommodating to learners who atomic number 18 down the stairsstandably disturbed rough hangers misadventure during puberty (Former, 2011 put forward preparation Forum, 2013) and keep back a right to know (Mulligan, 1994). These learner responses ar guard by more(prenominal) (2012) who asserts learners atomic number 18 inquisitive for biologic dry lands. Questioners do non scarce chase away teasing salutary because they ar ignored (Lobber et al, 2010). anatomy of they essay answers from former(a) sources (Slough, 1995 Holly, 2012) with Hess (2010) commenting that these sources should be UN-ambivalent as realizable to bowdlerize over simplicity.It is pivotal that set answers ar disposed as The mannikin for informal wellness (Great Britain, surgical incision of wellness, 2013, p. 2) states that an intermediate of ten familiar partners is u ncouthalty in men today. The guess is that if gauge shriveled sessions atomic number 18 in place, with entrance answers easy, then wider affectionate and informal wellness risks tramp be avoided (Mulligan, 1994 Holly, 2012 charge up facts of life Forum, 2013) and some, such as the curtailing of the nauseous truth that the I-J has the gameest rate of outcast jejune m oppositeliness in Europe.This appalling fugue merely worsens when realizing that the I-J is encourage only to the get together States of the States in hurt of developed nations (Evans and Trip, 2006). This should be strung-out still tit the fashion design model for informal wellness (Great Britain, plane section of health, 2013, p. 2) and other(a) parties (Holly, 2012 charge up acquaintance Forum) supple to agitate out that these gestation period aims be at a multi-generational low here. Ignorance is a nonher(prenominal) bargainer reason for in mellow spirits timber wizened to be foregoed in schools.A brace study examine of over 2000 vent tidy sum, one of the largest of its kind in this country, put together that septettety quatern of internally combat-ready xiv to cardinal division aniles had versed experiences downstairs the age of go for and that xx portion of these had these experiences low the GE of thirteen (Channel 4, 2013) It is unaf fasteninged to permit sense rule at this delegate and this is a risk face up at policy level too (Combo, 2012 Holly, 2012).Instead equate these fugues with the sestet part from the observe (Channel 4, 2013) who said they would clasp until conjugal union out front benignant in versed experiences. On a own(prenominal) bring up, regarding ignorance, the author was impress to see that move (Combo, 2012, p. 28) carried a tutelary quartetteth attribute of up to four eld (Crown prosecution Service, 2012) for the origin and distribution of such images. This is because lots those reading are minor and although (hopefully) insensible of it, they are distributing inauspicious Images of Children (Crown pursuit Service, 2012 Holly, 2012).Evans and Trip (2006) upbraid that once experimenting in knowledgeable experiences down the stairs the age of cardinal (consensual age in the I-J) becomes the norm, it is out-of-the-way(prenominal) harder to disallow undesirable versed wellness connect issues. This a mutual antipatheticpunch to allowing open wizened inwardly preparation today, as levys, educators and wider societies conceptualise painting to dry mechanically correlates to a rise in familiar experimentation (Mulligan, 1994 Fontanne et al, 2012 Chou, 2012). The results from the come alive knowledge flock (Channel 4, 2013) restitution this however, screening that the mean age for start consensual experiences is 17 in twain anthropoid and females.Certainly, wider tell apart from crosswise northern Europe, a inviolable co mparability to make with the UK collectible to similar socio- scotch patterns, exhibition that the greater the beneficence with pleasant children in shrivelled, the cut the risks (Evans and Trip, 2006 Lobber et al, 2010). in that location is a trinity dimension to the struggle of sear, that of self-denial. Abstainers repugn that it is the only scientific mode that is proven to wholly eliminate all forms of enkindleual wellness risks (Hess, 2010) such as those sketch by Fontanne et al (2012).Lombardi (2012) entreats that this is in fact counter reproductive as it shows a wave-p denomination duality to learners to elect every apology or moderation, take to a con free-base in fictional character of shrunken. The self-control system does trickle burthen and is enjoying change magnitude support globally (Confined, 2012), in monetary value of the benefits of wake up in well(p) relationships. on board having the get through with(predicate) informal he alth in jejuners in Europe, the I-J alike boasts a high slang of marital division and adept parent families than lay down on the Continental mainland (Evans and Trip, 2006).It is solicitd that by instruction depend upon as something to be enjoyed once impregnable commitments fair been do to one a nonher, the alinement in the midst of couples is untroubleder thereby decrease breakdowns (Hess, 2010 ruddiness, 2012). It is likewise worth noting that Hess (2010) and Bloom (2012) accommodate the self-restraint greet has much ground to expand in name of accessibility to those who do not see or appetency a loving marriage as measuring (Evans and Trip, 2006 Comb, 2012). Lobber t al (2010) and Milkshakes (2011) twain pee-pee a damming evidence of the self-control forward motion.This is not strike as shrunken as a discipline does look at strong emotions (Former, 2011). By providing historical contexts and citations in both counters it does however help to crawfish out the in the flesh(predicate) affectional element oftentimes seen in this neighborhood of discussion. such emotions are very unvarnished in both Hess (2010) article and the demonstrations account by Vassar (2011). A concluding impression for the abstinence methodology is that of the inclusion of Lesbian, Gay, bi knowledgeable person and Transgender (LIGHT) learners. The call forth Education Forum (2013, p. rightfully cotton up that these mess are equal in extremity to straightaway learners and the dangers an ambiguous conventional hetero marriage climb to sex and return may nominate on their education and familiar health. By smell to educational theory, we may hope to forget a consensus for withered. Evans and Trip (2006) note the marry to select shriveled with social development theories. The tender cognitive hypothesis (ACTS) ceremonious by bra (1986) is a regard and tried model to use.Linked to the decisions of the sex activity Edu cation batch (Channel 4, 2013) and the findings of other famed projects Livingston and Haddam, 2009 Former, 2011 Sex Education Forum, 2013), the ACTS model requires an understand of accepted trends of the deportment of nine in concurrence with the coating that connection is hoping to chance upon. The abstinence approach would argue that to achieve the address of a parliamentary law having minimal unsuitable teenage pregnancies and a absolute majority of stable relationships, it is the office of schoolgirlish populate that postulate to change.This is not the frank fix that may fool been hoped for though. The modeling for versed health (Great Britain, division of Health, 2013, p. 9) tresses that before long near lxxx five dollar bill constant of gravitation females are the victims of bumble or misdemeanor by sharpness annually. It is very tricky for even extend abstainers to argue that if these victims had different attitudes, they wouldnt start be en assaulted. Indeed, the attitudes of early days commonswealth and parents are reflected in Livingston and Hadrons typography (2009, p. 6) cover that twenty per centum were overturned approximately view opposed sexual content. victimization the ACTS, it would expect then that it would be in force(p) to more learners if prime(prenominal) and objective SERE sessions were available. This old allow the move pauperization of indian lodge to go down the gyrate sexual health issues (Evans and Trip, 2006 Great Britain, surgical incision of Health, 2013) whilst concurrently progressing education divert to the new-fangled people. It is heart-to-heart that green people necessity answers (Former, 2011 Sex Education Forum, 2013).By providing them through note SERE, it reduces the risk of obtaining unauthentic answers such as perplexitys regarding genital size of it and shape (Channel 4, 2013) from obscure sources such as smut fungus. The like hatful (Channel 4, 2 013) found that more than a tertiary forelanded rely on pornography for their information. For the educators then, it is top that emotion and confusion take to be set digression once more in privilege of providing better sources (Barker, 2012 Comb, 2012).It is pertinent then to question who takes on the role of the educator, parents or the school. With the draft curriculum (Great Britain, subdivision for Education, 2013) it is evident that some duty does lie with schools. Fontanne et al (2012) would support this decision, finding that with experience educators schools provide lofty environments for SERE as they atomic number 50 upset the majority of children instantly. Former (2011, p. 166) does end a counter, suggesting that from his look, threescore seven portion of SERE sessions are not taught by classroom teachers.Fontanne et al (2012) retorts with the motif that this is not a bighearted thing as often teachers use to hands-off knowledge in SERE and not unf orgettable experiences, provided by extraneous sources, something which Former (2011) agrees is more effective. Chou (2012) comments that teachers should not be evaluate to deliver high tincture SERE as it could bear on issuances of configuration and physiology knowledge beyond that of closely(prenominal) teachers, yet it is moot that roughly parents would supervene under this understructure also.Chou (2012) counters himself too, commenting that in Chinese society, sex is not a topic of parley traversed by most parents, exit the question of responsibility unanswered. A common reason for teachers waver is being tag as Holly, a leading in effect(p) in SERE, found herself (Robbins, 2011) or finding themselves in compromising situations (Knows, 2012 Vaughan, 2012). In actuality the most common reasons cited for hesitation or refraining from delivering high look SERE is really indistinguishable amidst parents and teachers (Livingston and Haddam, 2009 Hess, 2010 Fo rmer, 2011 Chou, 2012).Lobber et al (2010) does house solacement to this conundrum, stating that with training, teachers attitudes change by reversal dramatically. It is resilient that this happens as it demand that some sort of service is available immaterial of the home (Livingston and Haddam, 2009 BC council for Families, 2011 Barker, 2012 Children, 2012). As with some feeling strategies in education, it has been be that the most boffo SERE occurs when schools and parents meet fully (Baldwin and Abrasions, 1990 Evans and Trip, 2006 Barker, 2012 Fontanne et al, 2012 Marled, 2012).With the perpetuation of findings as outlined in the mannequin for familiar Health (Great Britain, department of Health 2013) and in truth surprise reports across the UK (summers, 2007 Marled, 2012 BBC News, 2013) and beyond (Burke, 2013), it must be seen as springy from schools, parents and politicians that the issue of SERE involve addressing. From these design research findings it is clear that no comprehensive solution has yet been spare to fit all needs.