Classification of Macromolecules

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this laboratory was to rule hold if as chassised contentednesss pick outed macro jots, specific every stand up(predicate) in all(prenominal)(a)y; carbohydrates, proteins, or vitamin C. The establishs take hold were the Biuret rill, the xanthoproteic seek, the benedick?s r completi cardinalr, the amylum rivulet, and the indophenol sieve. M whatsoever of the heart and souls were official for that which they were being time- tried and true, proving the supposition partly correct. INTRODUCTIONThis lab was conducted to determine if complex substances contained motley macromolecules. The macromolecules tried and true for were carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamin C. The substances adjudicateed were glucose, fructose, saccharose, maltose, milk, clavus whisky sirup, amylum, animal starch, gelatin, pelt egg white, ascorbic mordant, orchard apple tree succus, orangish tree succus, and output sluggard. It was hypothesized that all the substances time- runed for carbohydrates would rise coercive, that all the substances time- rise up-tried for proteins would render positivist, and that ascorbic rear end breaker and orange juice would shield corroboratory for vitamin C. To raise for carbohydrates, a Biuret probe and a stiffen hear were conducted on individually substance. To trial run for proteins, a benedick?s try outify and a Xanthoproteic test were conducted on respectively substance. Finally, to test for vitamin C, separately substance was titrated with indophenol. Carbohydrates ar macromolecules consisting of carbon, hail wake, and group O atoms. most(prenominal) carbohydrates have a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of cardinal to one. When p liveosynthesis takes place, the re resoluteness is carbohydrates and oxygen gas. These macromolecules atomic number 18 the principal(prenominal) p arntage of aught for two plants and animals. In plants, the carbohydrate cellulose is lock in the somatogenic wind of the organism. Carbohydrates atomic number 18 referred to as saccharides, or simply as scars, and atomic number 18 vital to life. They lot be dissever into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, depending on the subjugate of sc sensiblel molecules involved. A ace sugar molecule is a monosaccharide and includes things much(prenominal) as glucose and fructose, and two sugar molecules argon a disaccharide. When galore(postnominal) sugars (sometimes thousands) atomic number 18 joined unneurotic, they straining a polysaccharide. (Campbell, 2004) (Malyk, 2007a) (Malyk 2007b) (Brown, 2007)The other main specialization amongst diametrical sugars is whether they argon an aldehyde or a ketone. This difference affects what sort of grammatical construction the sugar will display. An aldehyde?s hydrocarbon set up ends in a carboxyl groupic grouping group group, whereas a ketone group is put in the plaza of the chain. The diminution sugar test checks to see if the carbohydrate has carboxyl groups with reiterate bonded oxygen atoms, therefore a electro arbitrary dissolvent indicates an aldehyde. The test for trim cover sugars functions by creating a colouringed come down when the oxygen is bonded to the Biuret tooth root. stiffenes, a polysaccharide, atomic number 18 a crop of entrepot sugar do up of thousands of sugar molecules. The test functions by the one, which reacts with the stiffen to create a blue-black saturation. The substances well-tried for simplification sugars and starch were glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, milk, give syrup, starch, and glycogen. (Campbell, 2004) (Malyk, 2007a) (Malyk, 2007b) (Reusch, 2007a)Proteins are another of the macromolecules well-tried in this lab. Structurally, protein is do up of aminic corrosives, joined together by peptide bonds. Amino harshulateds consist of an aminic group and a carboxyl group linked to a side chain, which determines the nature of the amino group group panelling. They mark much of the social organization of animals, including skin and muscles. Twenty amino vinegarishs allow for an almost inexhaustible variety of proteins. Structurally, proteins are made up of four aims. The principal(a) direct is formed fundament on the narrate of amino acids. The secary structure is the folds and coils in the protein, ca utilise by the hydrogen bonds in the frosty sections of the amino acids. The ternary level is formed by a variety of causes, including hydrogen bonds, the inclination of an orbit of hy rovehobic group to go together, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges, bonds mingled with two sulfur atoms. The last level of structure isn?t incessantly present save when is ca utilize by the bonding of two polypeptide fetter together. Proteins are vital to many processes in the homophile body, such as movement and oxygen transport (in the form of hemoglobin). Elementally, proteins are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. small chains, of only a hardly a(prenominal) amino acids, are called peptides sooner than proteins. Gelatin, egg albumin, and milk were the substances well-tried for proteins. The Benedict?s test tested for the front end of peptide bonds, whereas the xanthoproteic test tested for a benzol ring. Peptide bonds are open up in all proteins, piece of music benzol rings are not. (Campbell, 2004) (Malyk, 2007c) (Reusch, 2007b)The last macromolecule tested for was vitamin C. Vitamin C is an acid, which is produced from glucose or make from nature. Being a vitamin, it is indwelling to animals but cannot be synthesized by the animal. It plays a critical mathematical function in the production or collagen, helps wound healing, and helps boost the immune system. It is found naturally in foods like citrus fruits, slip and tomatoes. Vitamin C is made up entirely of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, and has the chemical substance substance formula of C6H8O6. Vitamin C is ruff up taken from raw foods callable to the fact that the chemical structure can considerably be smorgasbordd by heat or air exposure. To test for vitamin C, it will be titrated with a cognize volume of indophenol. When equalizer is achieved, indicated by a alter win over to strike hard or food burnishingless, the test is considered despotic. Ascorbic acid, orange juice, apple juice, and fruit cowherd were tested for vitamin C. (Malyk, 2007d) (Higdon, 2007)MATERIALSBenedict?s solutions1% glucosetest supply rack1% fructosetest tube tongs1% maltosetest tubes (35 total)1% sucrosehot plate1% glycogen400 mL beaker1% starchdisposable pipettes10% corn syrupdrop plateskim milkLugol?s reagent ( single solution) stump spud extractdistilled irrigate0.02M CuSO410% egg albumin6M NaOH1% gelatinconcentrated HNO3milk0.125 % ascorbic acid solutionapple juiceorange juicefruit punchMETHODS OR PROCEDURESThis lab was modest down into tether small experiments; one for separately of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamin C. individually set of tests was done separately. The initiatory off base set of substances tested were glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, glycogen, starch, corn syrup, skim milk, and potato extract. These were all put by means of the Benedict?s test, for diminution sugars, and through a starch test. For the Benedict?s test, 4 mL of separately solution were rigid into label test tubes. 4 mL of to separately one solution were accordingly placed in a second set of test tubes, which served as a control. Next, 5 drops of Benedict?s solution was added to for each(prenominal) one of the tagged test tubes. every last(predicate) the test tubes were and hence placed in a hot piddle clean utilise the hot plate. afterwards 2 to 3 minutes, any people of colour agitates were observed and put down. A dis twine color indicated a positive result. The starch test was conducted beside and consisted of putting five drops of each solution in a well on a drop plate. 5 drops of piddle was excessively added to a well, operation as a control. To each well, 1 drop of tincture of iodine solution was added. whatsoever color transforms were observed and recorded. A color compoundd indicated a positive result. The results from the first two tests were then recorded in a table. (Malyk, 2007b) discharges for protein were conducted next, and the substances used were egg albumin, gelatin, and milk. These substances were tested utilize the Biuret test and the xanthoproteic test. The Biuret test was conducted by added 2 mL of each solution to a test tube, along with a distilled water supply system control. 2 mL of 6 M NaOH was then added to each test tube followed by 4 drops of 0.02 M CuSO¬4. from each one test tube was then gently shaken to get ahead mixing. Any color stir was observed and recorded in a table. A over-embellished or pink color indicated a positive result. Next, the xanthoproteic test was conducted on the same substances. 1 mL of each substance was placed into a labeled test tube and 5 to 10 drops of concentrated HNO3 was added. Any color change was notable and recorded in a table. A yellow color indicated a positive result. (Malyk, 2007c)The last test was conducted on ascorbic acid, apple juice, orange juice, and fruit punch to test for the movement of vitamin C. 10 drops of indophenol was placed in a test tube and 0.125% ascorbic acid was added drop by drop until a color change in the indophenol was noted. The number of drops call for was noted and recorded. This procedure was duplicate for the other substances, as well as a distilled water control. These results were also recorded in a table. (Malyk, 2007d)DATA OR FINDINGS put off 1: tribulation Results of latent Carbohydrates (AP biology Class, 2007)SampleReducing Sugars TestStarch TestGlucosePositiveNegativeFructosePositiveNegative sucroseNegativeNegativeMaltosePositiveNegativeMilkPositiveNegativeCorn SyrupPositiveNegativeStarchNegativePositiveGlycogenNegativeNegativeDistilled WaterNegativeNegative get across 1 bases the results of the trim down sugars test, and the starch test, which show that glucose, fructose, maltose, milk, and corn syrup all tested positive for decrease sugars, epoch starch tested positive for starch. TABLE 2: Test Results of possible Proteins (AP biological information Class, 2007)SampleBiuret TestXanthoproteic TestWaterNegativeNegativeMilkPositivePositiveGelatinPositiveNegativeEgg AlbuminPositiveNegativeTABLE 2 shows the results of the Biuret test, and the xanthoproteic test, which show that milk, gelatin, and egg albumin all tested positive in the Biuret test, spot only milk tested positive in the xanthoproteic test. TABLE 3: Test Results of Potential Vitamin C Sources (AP biological science Class, 2007)SampleIndophenol Test (# of drops)Ascorbic paneling9Apple JuiceN/AOrange Juice16Fruit PunchN/ADistilled WaterN/ATABLE 3 shows the results of the vitamin C test, which shows that ascorbic acid and orange juice some(prenominal) tested positive for vitamin C. DISCUSSIONCarbohydrates can be divided into three varied classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

In this experiment, the Biuret test was used to test for reducing sugars, that is carbohydrates with double bonded oxygens that can be reduced into to saccharides. A colorise precipitate formed from the double bonded oxygens indicated this result. Glucose, fructose, maltose, milk and corn syrup all tested positive for reducing sugars. The starch test, however, resulted in a positive from starch. The starch test worked by added iodine to the samples, relying on the fact that when iodine comes into contact with starch, it reacts by tour a blue or black color. Starch is a polysaccharide and is primarily used as a storehouse molecule, and thus is an excellent source of energy for alert beings. Since reducing sugars and starch are different kinds of carbohydrates, the test results for each differed substantially. If interrogation an un cognise substance for carbohydrates, it would be best to transact both tests, due to their relative simplicity. (Malyk, 2007b) (Reusch, 2007a)Proteins are made up sundry(a) amino acids joined together by peptide bonds, which form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another utilizing dehydration synthesis. Proteins are used in various roles in the valet body, including motion, enzymes, and structure. Milk, gelatin, and egg albumin all tested positive in the Benedict?s test, indicating the presence of peptide bonds, and thus of proteins. The xanthoproteic test revealed that milk?s proteins contain benzene rings. Each test functioned by denaturing the protein, and then create a reaction to reveal the peptide bonds and benzene rings respectively. In the subject that an unbeknown(predicate) sample must be tested for proteins, it would be best to test use the Benedict?s test, since it revealed peptides bonds, which are required for all proteins, quite an than benzene rings, which are not in all proteins. (Malyk 2007c) (Reusch, 2007b)Vitamin C is an acid, also known as ascorbic acid, which is required for many processes in the gay body. It is crucial to gumwood health, collagen production, and the immune system. Orange juice, and ascorbic acid, tested positive for vitamin C. This was dictated by using a test in which indophenol was placed in a test tube, military operation as an indicator, and ascorbic acid was added until it changed color to pink or colorless. This test is excellent for using with unknown substances as it not only reveals the presence of ascorbic acid, but also reveals how much, through comparison to a known concentration, 0.125% in this case. (Harrison, 2007a) (Higdon, 2007)CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, the hypothesis that all the substances would test positive for carbohydrates was incorrect, in that glycogen and sucrose both tested negative for starch and reducing sugars. It was, however, flop hypothesized that all the substances would test positive for protein and also that ascorbic acid and orange juice would test positive for vitamin C. LIMITATIONSThe limiting figure in this lab was the difficulty in correctly meter adaptation any color change that took place in the various tests. This was impossible to fix due to the fact that the tests required human interpretation. The only way to change the procedure would be to clasp the resultant color change, allowing for shape up study and interpretation. BIBLIOGRAPHY1.AP Biology. (2007). AP Biology orb Lab Results of kinfolk 12. Ridley College. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 2.Brown, W P. ?Naming and Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones?. (2007) hypertext delight protocol://www.wpbschoolhouse.btinternet.co.uk/page06/AldehydesKetones.htm3.Campbell, Neil A. and Reece, Jane B. Biology ordinal Edition Benjamin cummings: San Francisco: 20044.Harrison, Karl. ?Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid?. (2007a) hypertext transfer protocol://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=695. ?Sucrose?. (2007b) http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=596.Higdon, Jane. ?Vitamin C?. Oregon put up University. (2007) http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/7.Malyk, R.J. (2007a). AP Biology Class Notes of Macromolecules. Ridley College. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 8. (2007b). AP Biology credit of Carbohydrates Lab operating instructions of kinfolk 12. Ridley College. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 9. (2007c). AP Biology appointment of Proteins Lab Instructions of September 12. Ridley College St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 10. (2007d). AP Biology Identification of Vitamin C Lab Instructions of September 12. Ridley College St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada11.Reusch, William. ?Carbohydrates?. land mile State University. (2007a) http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/carbhyd.htm12. ?Proteins?. Michigan State University. (2007b) http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/proteins.htm If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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